S1L3_PART 5_Typical Signs & Symptoms of Psychiatric Illness

Sudden disruption of thought or a break in the flow of ideas

• pt answers but then suddenly stops and he doesn't know what to say

Thought blocking

Confused, often repetitious, language with no apparent meaning or relationship to it

• halo halo ung words

Word salad

Disturbances in thinking form or process

• Illogical thinking

• Dereism

• Autistic thinking

• Magical thinking

• Verbigeration

• Echolalia

• Irrelevant answer

Thinking containing erroneous conclusions or internal contradictions

Illogical thinking

Mental activity that follows a totally subjective and idiosyncratic system of logic and fails to take the facts of reality or experience into consideration

Dereism

Thoughts are largely narcissistic and egocentric with emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity (can use interchangeably with dereism)

• parang bata, me me me me me

Autistic thinking

Thoughts, words or actions assume power (to cause or prevent events)

• Kaya kong pahintuin yung typhoon n ayan

Magical thinking

Meaningless and stereotyped repetition of words or phrases

Verbigeration

Pathological repeating of words or phrases of another person

Echolalia

Answer not in harmony with question asked

Irrelevant answer

Ideas, thoughts, feelings as expressed through language

• Fluency, amount, rate, tone and volume

Speech

Full command of native language as well as evaluation of stuttering, word finding difficulties, paraphrasic errors

Speech

Speech: Increase

Increased mania or hypomania

Speech: Decrease

Anxiety, disinterest, thought blocking or psychosis

Left hemisphere

• Language comprehension and expression

Language

Emotional and affective components of language, or “body language:’ right hemisphere

Prosody

Language disorders

Aphasias

Disturbances of speech

• Pressured speech

• Logorrhea

• Poverty of Speech

• Nonspontaneous speech

• Poverty of content of speech

• Dysprosody

• Dysarthria

• Stuttering

• Cluttering

• Aculalia

• Bradylalia

• Dysphonia

Increase in amount of spontaneous speech, rapid, loud, accelerated

Pressured speech

Copious, pressured, coherent speech; uncontrollable, excessive talking

Logorrhea

Restriction in speech; replies maybe monosyllabic

Poverty of Speech

Verbal response only when asked or spoken to

Nonspontaneous speech

Speech that is adequate in amount but conveys little information because of vagueness, emptiness, or stereotyped phrases

Poverty of content of speech

Loss of normal speech melody

Dysprosody

Difficulty in articulation, not word finding or grammar

Dysarthria

Frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech fluency

Stuttering

Disturbance of fluency involving an abnormally rapid rate and erratic rhythm of speech that impedes intelligibility; person is unaware of impairment

Cluttering

Nonsense speech associated with marked impairment in comprehension

Aculalia

Abnormally slow speech

Bradylalia

Difficulty or pain in speaking; have abnormal voice, impaired production as in hoarseness

Dysphonia

Organization and interpretation of incoming sensory information to form inner representations of the external world

Perception

Process of transferring physical stimulation to psychological information

Perception

Experiences that a physical stimuli can elicit in the sense organs

Sensation

Perceptual disturbances

• Hallucinations

• Illusions

• Depersonalization

• Derealization

False perceptions in the absence of stimuli to account for them

Hallucinations

Types of hallucinations

Auditoty

Visual, tactile, olfactory and gustatory

Hypnagogic

Hypnopompic

Most common type of hallucination

Auditory

Hallucinations as one is going asleep

Hypnagogic

Hallucinations as one is walking up from sleep

Hypnopompic

Misperception of stimuli

Illusions

Feeling that one is not oneself or that something has changed

Depersonalization

Feeling that one’s environment has changed in some strange way that is difficult to describe

Derealization

Disturbance associated with cognitive disorder and medical conditions

• Agnosia

• Anosognosia

• Somatopagnosia (ignorance of body)

• Visual Agnosia

• Astereognosis

• Prosopagnosia

• Apraxia

• Simultagnosia

• Dysdiadochokinesia

• Aura
  

Selective loss or disuse of knowledge of specific objects because of emotional disturbances (psych)

Agnosia

Inability to recognize a physical deficit in oneself

Anosognosia

Inability to recognize a part of one’s body as own

Somatopagnosia (ignorance of body)

Inability to recognize objects or person seen

Visual Agnosia

Inability to recognize objects by touch

Astereognosis

Inability to recognize faces

Prosopagnosia

Inability to carry out specific tasks

Apraxia

Inability to comprehend more than one element into visual scene at a time or to integrate the parts into a whole

Simultagnosia

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Dysdiadochokinesia

Sensory syndrome preceding an attack

Aura

Disturbance associated with conversion and dissociative phenomena

• Conversion phenomena

• Dissociation

• Hysterical Anesthesia

• Macropsia

• Micropsia

• Depersonalization

• Derealization

• Fugue

• Multiple Personality

Development of symbolic physical symptoms and distortions involving the voluntary muscles or special sense organs, not under voluntary control and not explained by any physical disorder

Conversion Phenomena

Unconscious defense mechanism involving segregation of any group of mental or behavioral processes from the rest of the person’s psychic activity

Dissociation

Loss of sensory modalities resulting from emotional conflicts

Hysterical Anesthesia

State in which objects seem larger than they are

Macropsia

State in which objects seem smaller than they are

Micropsia

Dissociative disorder characterized by a period of almost complete amnesia, during which a person flees from an immediate life situation and begins a different life pattern

Fugue