history mid-term

english bill of rights

was an act of Parliament, guaranteed certain rights of the citizens of England from the power of the crown

Habeas Corpus

Principle stating that you can't be held in prison without being charged with a crime

Limited Monarch

Government where a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's power

Thomas Hobbes

English Enlightenment thinker. Argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.

John Locke

Optimistic English philosopher that believed in good

Baron de Montesquieu

an influential thinker from France who harshly criticized the notion of an Absolute Monarchy

Voltaire

French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Freedom of speech

Denis Diderot

Editor of the controversial encyclopedia

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who believed that people are generally good

Natural Laws

What Hobbes and Locke believe human nature is governed by.

Social Contract

Agreement where people give up their natural state for an organized society

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty and property are examples of this

Philosophe

popular French intellectuals or social philosophers of the 18th century.

Physiocrat

member of a school of political economists founded in 18th century France and characterized chiefly by a belief that government policy should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws

Laissez faire

Policy that allows businesses to operate without government interference

Louis the XVI

The King of France during the French Revolution

Marie Antoinette

wife to France's King Louis XVI and victim of the French Revolution's guillotine

Jacques Necker

French statesman and finance minister of Louis XVI

National Assembly

was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate

Bastille

a fortress. The storming of the Bastille marked the start of the French Revolution

French Revolution

is an uprising in France against the monarchy from 1789 to 1799 which resulted in the establishment of France as a republic.

Bourgeoisie

Wealthiest members of the 3rd estate

Deficit Spending

is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time.

Marquis de Lafayette

fought for independence in both the American and French Revolutions

Legislative Assembly

was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to 20 September 1792 during the years of the French Revolution

Émigré

Person who fled revolutionary France to live in another country

Sans-culottes

Radical working class men and women.

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

All men are born free and equal in rights.

Committee of Public Safety

formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre

French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror

"Reign of Terror"

was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions

Suffrage

the right to vote

Nationalism

Feeling pride or intense devotion to your country

Napoleon Bonaparte

a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars

Napoleonic Code

French civil code established under Napoléon in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

Plebiscite

Ballot in which a voters say yes or no

Guerrilla warfare

military actions carried out by small usually independent forces

Abdicate

To give up the throne

Congress of Vienna

to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars

Clemens von Metternich

Leader of Austrian politics for over 30 years

Legitimacy

the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime

Louis Napoleon

President of the 2nd Republic who proclaimed himself emperor of France

Louis Philippe

He was known as the citizen King

Louis Kossuth

Leader of Hungarian Nationalists.

Frankfurt Assembly

the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, elected in May of 1848

Toussaint L'Ouverture

General who led Haitians to independence

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest / freedom fighter.

Tupac Amaru

Leader of a Native American revolt against the Spanish system of forced labor

Creole

a person born in Latin America but of European, usually Spanish, ancestry.

Nationalization

A government takeover of a private business

Economic nationalism

way for a government to expand its economic resources and power

Cultural nationalism

a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by a shared culture

"Good Neighbor Policy"

foreign policy of the administration of the U.S. (President FDR) towards Latin America

Debt slavery

a person's pledge of their labor or services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation. Also known as bonded labor.

Import substitution

Goods produced at home to replace goods from other countries

Agribusiness

Large commercial farms owned by multinational corporations

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement

Embargo

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country

Drug cartel

any criminal organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations

Enclosure

This fencing off of farm land increased farm production

Capital

money

Factory

Where textile industries were placed to replace the putting out system

Turnpike

privately built road

Methodism

new religious movement in the mid-1700s founded by John Wesley that attracted working class families

Urbanization

Movement of people from countries to cities

Tenement

multistory buildings divided into tiny apartments for living

Labor union

workers' organization

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade. Author of the Wealth of Nations

Wealth of Nations

ocuses on the state of economics during the industrial revolution and still has a great influence on democratic economic policies today.

Thomas Malthus

famously developed the theory of population growth

Utopians

idealistic reformer

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, sociologist

Utilitarianism

Idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of its people

Socialism

to end poverty and injustice

Communism

Form of socialism that focuses on ending class struggle

Proletariat

working class

Alfred Nobel

the man who the Nobel Prize was named after and the holder of 355 patents, including the invention of dynamite

Interchangeable parts

Whitney's armory pioneered the use of interchangeable parts, which are nearly identical parts that can be easily mass produced and replaced

Assembly line

Process the Henry Ford created to speed up production

Stock

the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares

Corporations

Business owned by stockholders

Louis Pasteur

French doctor who proved the "germ theory"

Joseph Lister

British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery

Germ theory

states that specific microscopic organisms are the cause of specific diseases

Urban renewal

the redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums. Referred to as regeneration in the U.K.

What was a result of the Franco-Prussian War?

Prussia defated France

What contributed to Germany's growth as an industrial power under Bismarck?

substantial iron and coal reserves

The Kulturkampf refers to Bismarck's attempt to

weaken the influence of the Catholic Church

Why was Italy hard to unite into a single country?

regional differences

A major threat to the Hapsburg Empire came from

Nationalist demands

The revolution of 1905 broke out as a result of

the killing of demonstrators on Bloody Sunday.

How did the German government encourage economic development?

It protected its industries from foreign competition.

Under Bismarck, Germany took a pioneering role in

social and economic reform

Which groups held the most power in Parliament in the early 1800s?

wealthy, landowning nobles

During the 1800s, the Liberal and Conservative parties in Britain both worked to

extend the right to vote to more people.

The aim of Napoleon III's foreign policy was to

reestablish the French as a European power.

In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment gave

Women the right to vote.

In the early 1800s, Parliament represented primarily the interests of

wealthy landowners

Who supported the Corn Laws in Britain?

a farmer

Napoleon III appealed to the lower classes mainly because he

promised to end poverty.