Bio 2 test 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/102

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

103 Terms

1
New cards

taxonomy

science of describing, naming, classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses; try to get into groups

2
New cards

systematics

biodiversity and evolutionary relationships between organisms extinct and modern

3
New cards

what is each group/level in the hierarchial system of taxonomy

a taxon

4
New cards

what is the highest level in the succession

domain

5
New cards

what are the three domains

bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

6
New cards

what is eukarya usually divided into

kingdoms or the 4 kingdom concept

7
New cards

what are the 4 kingdom in eukarya

protists, plantae, fungi, and animalia

8
New cards

what kingdom are prokaryotic cells in

bacteria and archaea

9
New cards

what kingdom are eukaryotic cells in

eukarya

10
New cards

prokaryotic cells

before nucleus, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, everything done on cell membrane, plasma and inefficent

11
New cards

eukaryotic cells

true nucleus, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, internal membrane system (compartments) allow for bigger organisms, everything done in compartments

12
New cards

binomial nomenclature

2 words and name, genus name and specific epithet; genus always capitalized and specific epithet never capitalized, ensure all talking about same thing instead of common words

13
New cards

who proposed binomial nomenclature

carolus linnaeus in 1753, artificial because we assign it so the actually species does not decide it

14
New cards

phylogeny

evolutionary history of species or group of species, to propose this used systematics, usually based on morphological (physical) or genetic data, more on the tree the better the model

15
New cards

phylogentic trees

hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various species not 100% accurate, genetic and physical and morphological

16
New cards

monophyletic group or clade

group of species, taxon, consisting of the most recent commpn ancestor and all of its descendents

17
New cards

paraphyteic group

contains a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendents

18
New cards

morphological analysis

first systematics studies focused on morpholgocial features of extinct and modern species, most of early classification methods used this and animal embryonic development

19
New cards

molecular systematics

analysis of genetic data like DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences to identify and study genetic similarities and propose phylogentic trees, the model will give number percent similarity

20
New cards

True or false: dna and amino acid sequences from closely related species are more similar to each other than to sequences from more distant related

true

21
New cards

prokaryotic diversity

prokaryotic fossils dated at 3.5 billion years,doma modern prokarytoes are most abundant, lacking sexual reproduction

22
New cards

domain bacteria

proteobacteria - “true bacteria” cyanobacteria - “blue green bacteria”

23
New cards

domain archaea

have an ‘almost’ bacteria specialized membranes, surrounded by wall

24
New cards

eukaryotic diversity- kingdom protista

earliest in fossil record, moist environment, microscopic, DNA— separate groups, “catch all” category

algae— plant like (mostly) 10 groups, autotrophic, few ingest food, unicellular through large multicell, cell wall

protozoans— animal like, heterotrophic, many unicellular, amoeba, paramecium, a sexual reproduction

fungal like protists— mostly saprotrophic (absorb food), mostly multicellular, slime molds

25
New cards

kingdom plantae

over 330,000 species, multicellular, mostly autotrophic, some not green, some parasites, fossils dated to 400 mybp, ancestral stock is probably some form of green algae but not currently living, 10 phyla, typically combined phyla into 4 broad catgeories for convience

26
New cards

requirements for kingdom plantae

food storage compound —starch

cell wall— cellulose (most abundant carb)

photosynthetic pigments — chlorophylls (A=green, B=beta carotene)

27
New cards

bryophytes

heptophyta (liverworts), anthocerophyta (hornworts), bryophyta (mosses); mosses and their allies, reproduce by spores, non vascular, external water for reproduction

28
New cards

pteridophytes

lycopodiophyta (lycophytes), pteriodophyta (ferns and allies), grouped as ferns and relatives; reproduce by sporesm vascular plants with xylem and phloem allow for large size, “true roots” because vascular, require external water because of flagellated sperm

29
New cards

gymnosperms

cycadophyta (cycads), ginkophyta (ginko), gnetophyta (gnetophytes), coniferophyta (conifers); similar seeds beacuse “naked seeds” — not enclosed in vessel, biggest conifers (cone bearing trees), vascular plants is more advanced, seeds have survival value but no vessel, embryo-store food-integument (coat), no external water needed for reproduction because of pollen tube

30
New cards

angiosperms

anthophyta (over 300,000); produce flowers-fruits, msot advanced tissue and seeds enclosed in a vessel→embryo-food-2 integuements- enclosed in fruit

31
New cards

top four things to know about angiosperms

91% of species, most advanced, flowers attract pollinators, fruit protecs seed and dispersal

32
New cards

what are the biggest confiers in the gymnosperm phyla

old pine, big sequioa, tall redwood aka bristlecone, giant, coastal

33
New cards

animal diversity

kingdom animalia, over 2.5 million species (1/2 insects), 35 phyla, more similaritites with in animal genomes than others, have the most information, earliest and most simple animal is sponge

34
New cards

characteristics for kingdom animalia

multicellular, lack cell wall, sexual reproduction with mobile small sperm and large egg, nervous tissue (complex, sensory), hox genes, heterotrophs, similar RNA

35
New cards

hox genes

clusters of genes laying out body design, all animals have and larger animals have more

36
New cards

metazoans

multicellular animals, parazoans-sponges, eumetazoans- ‘true’ multicellular animals

37
New cards

classification of kingdom animalia

morphology, molecular genetics, embryonic development (mostly same in the kingdom)

38
New cards

body plans for kingdom animalia

morphological and developmental features:

body symmetry- balanced proportions of body on sides of a plane

number of tissue layers- embryonic =germ layer

patterns of embryonic development- blastopore = 1st embryonic opening

39
New cards

symmetry

eumetazoa divided by symmetry; radiata- radially symmetry ( 2 tissue layers), divivded equally by any plane through central axis, often circular with opening with one end; bilateria- bilatteraly symmetric (3 tissue layers), divided a long vertical plane to get two halves, have cephalization (head region) and dorsal and ventral sides, have anterior and posterior ends

40
New cards

tissues

an aggregation of functionally similar cells; metazoa- all animals divided on specialized tissues; parazoa- without special tissues and organs— porifera sponges and maybe distinct cell types; eumetazoa- more than one tissue type and organ — all other animals

41
New cards

radiata germ layers

diploblastic 2 layers, endoderm inner layer, exoderm outer layer

42
New cards

bilateria germ layers

triploblastic 3 layers, endoderm inner layer, exoderm outer layer, mesoderm middle layer that forms muscles and other organs

43
New cards

germ layers

develop during gestation, radiata and bilateria have different embryonic cell layers

44
New cards

protstome embryonic development

blastopore becomes mouth (first opening)

45
New cards

deuterostome embryonic development

blastopore becomes anus (1st anus, 2nd mouth), advanced

46
New cards

what traits are not reliable according to molecular data to make phylogenies

coelon (body cavity) and body segmentation

47
New cards

body cavity

coelom - fluid filled body cavity, coelomate or eucoelomate (true coelom)- lines completely with mesoderm and advanced, pseudocoelomate- partially lines with mesoderm rotifers and roundworms, acoelomate- lack of body cavity and instead have mesenchym (stuffing) and primitive

48
New cards

functions of coelom

cushions internal organs, enables movement and growth of internal organs independently of body wall, fluid acts as a simple cirulatory system

49
New cards

segmentation

body might be divided into regions called segments - occurs in worms arthropods and chordates and is specialization of body regions, over a million arthropoda is largest

50
New cards

what two species dont have organs in the animal kingdom

sponges and jellyfish

51
New cards

genes used in molecular studies

rRNA is often focused on universal in all organisms and change slowly overtime; hox genes are often studied and are gound in all animals and duplications might have led to evolution of complex body forms (vertebrates), phylogenies made using rRNA and hox genes are similar and often agree with those based on morpholgy

52
New cards

invertbrate animals

fossils to 1.2 billion years, 95% of an animal species, vertebral column-vertbrae like column

53
New cards

phylum porifera

sponges, lack tissues and organs, untill 20 years ago been in kingdom protista, ‘pores’ filter water and food

54
New cards

phylum cnidera and phlyum ctenophora

cnidaria: jellyfish, corals, and anemones; ctenophora: comb jellies; both phylum: diploblastic development, mesoglea-gelationous covering, nerve net- interconnective nerve cells and no brain, 1 opening to GI cavity- protostome, both close genetically

55
New cards

phylum platyhelminthes

flatworms and flukes and tapeworms, triploblastic development , 1st with organ and organ system, enhanced nerve net with 2 cerebral ganglia, 1 GI opening and prostome

56
New cards

phylum rotifera

rotifers, pseudocoelomate, triploblastic development, complete gut tract with alimentary canal, protostomes, ‘corona’ saw to move and commin aquatic, simple brain

57
New cards

phylum mollusca

snails and slugs and oyesters and octopus and squid, triploblastic and eucoelomate, complete gut tract, protostome, average nervous sustem, octopus and squid have superior nervous system to rest

58
New cards

phylum annelida

segmented and ringed worms, triploblastic and eucoelomate, complete gut tract and protstomes, enhanced nervous system

59
New cards

phylum nematoda

roundworm, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate, complete GI tract, protostomes, not much difference between annelida

60
New cards

phylum antropoda

insects and crustaceans and spiders and ticks (mostly insects), highest species diversity around 1.5 million species, hardned exoskeleteon that sheds, protstomes and eucoeomates and triploblastic and complete GI tract, enhanced nervous system -social insects (colony) in particular have enhacned brain, most advanced group of prtotostomes

61
New cards

phylum echinodermata

sea stars and sea cucumbers and sand dollars, triplobalstic and eucoloemate and complete GI tract, deuterstomes, simple nervouse system, endoskeleton

62
New cards

phylum chordata

deuterstomes and endoskeleton, complete GI tract and eucoleomate and triploblastic, few invertrabrates but mostly vertebrates, bilateral symmetry

63
New cards

endoskeleton

series of plates that grow with body to make ti more advanced

64
New cards

5 critical body designs needed at some point in life to be considered a chordata

notochord, dorsal (hollow) nerve chors, pharangeal gill pouch, post anal tail, endostyle

65
New cards

notochord

cartilagenous supporting rod along dorsal axis replaced by jointed vertebral column of hardned cartilage or boney elements

66
New cards

dorsal (hollow) nerve chord

expanded at anterior end - brain, enclosed and supported and protected by vertebral column aka notochord, humans have largest brain relative to body size

67
New cards

pharangeal gill puches and slits

pharynx- back of mouth cavity, not fish (only during emrbyonic)

68
New cards

post anal tail

tail extends posterior of anus, our tail = coccyx

69
New cards

endostyle

metabolism

70
New cards

humans

notochord- replaced as a series of boney elements and only pieces left is IVD only during embryonic, nerve chord- dorsal/hollow with largest brain capacity, pharangeal pouch- embryonic divide into 1 pair for euctacheaean tubes, postal tail- 1 vertebra as tailbone aka coccyx, endostyle- thryroid gland for metabolism

71
New cards

subphylum urochordata

tunicates or sea squirts, small invertebrate marine, around 3000 species, filter feeders

72
New cards

subphylum cephalochordata

lancelets, invertebrates and marine and filter feeders, distinct head region (looks fish like)

73
New cards

subphylum vertebrata

vertebrates- chordates with vertebral column, chordate features and: vertebral column, cranium, endoskeleton, hox genes (multiple), neural crest

74
New cards

neural crest

cells around back into edge blue print to peripheral nervous system

75
New cards

cyclostomes

class myxini-hagfish, no jaws and eyes and fins and vertebrae, skeleton with notochord and cartilagenous skin, covered with slime that tastes bad and thick coat; class cephalospidomorphi- lamprey, have notochord and certilagenous vertebral column, no jaws and fins, fossils at 5100 million

76
New cards

class chondrichthyes

cartilagenous fish, shark and skates and rays, cartilagenous skeleton and notochord as adults, “jawed” fish and paired appendages (fins), powerful tail region, gills, retain through adulthood

77
New cards

class osteichthyes

bony fish, most diverse vertebrae group with over 27,00 species, bone for skull or plats, jawed and paired appendages, gills, notochord for most, lionfish and eel and seadragon

78
New cards

tetrapods class gnathostomes with four limbs

transition to land involved adaptations for locomotion and reproduction and prevent dessication, sturdy lob-finned fish became animals with four limbs, vertebral column strengthened and hips and shoulders braced against vertebral column, relatively simple changes in gene expression (hox genes)

79
New cards

class amphibia

amphibios-greek for living a double life split between aquatic and terrestiral, successfully invaded land but have to reproduce in water, lungs are an adaptation to semiterristrial life, 3 chamberred heart, smooth - thin skin and MUST be moist, external fertilization, larval stages are aquatic and undergo metamorphosis, not completely separated from water, example is frogs

80
New cards

amniotes

tetrapods with desiccation (resistant egg), critical innovation deviation of a shelled egg, amniotic egg broke tie to water (3 internal membranes), shell is permeable to oxygen and co2 with shell membrane, must be fertilized before (inside)

81
New cards

3 membranes of amniotes egg

chorion- together with allantois to allow gas exchange

allantois- wastes from embryo

protect embryo- “indoor pond” amniotic fluid

82
New cards

key innovations in amniotes

desiccation resistant skin- contain keratin, thoracic breathing- negative pressure suck air in, water conserving kidneys- concentrate waste prior to eliminate internal fertilization

83
New cards

class reptilia

over 8,000 species, turtle and crocs and lizards and snakes, live away from water, thicker skin and scales, larger brain and enhanced kidneys, larger limbs and muscles (increases locomotor skills), amniotic egg with leathery shells

84
New cards

oviparous

‘egg laying’ outside body fish, amphibian, reptile, birds, and 3 mammals

85
New cards

ovoviviparous

‘live bearing’ with retention of eggs NO maternal connection, fish and reptiles

86
New cards

viviparous

‘true’ livebearing with eggs retained and maternal connection aka placenta, reptile and mammals

87
New cards

class aves

over 9000 species, largest tetrapod class, “feathered reptiles”, birds, evolved from small dinosaurs, fossils at 150 mybp, adaptations for flight: feathers modified front limb and lighteight skeleton and organs reduced and lungs with air sac, all oviparous

88
New cards

endothermic

internal temperature, body temperature controlled by trapped matabolic heat (constant temperature)

89
New cards

ectothermic

external temperature, body temperature controlled by surrounding environment, metabolic heat is generated but hard to capture and maintain heat (temporary)

90
New cards

class mammalia

milk producing amniotes, evolved from ancestors earlier than birds, over 6000 species, appeared about 225 mybp- small mammal like dinosaurs and reptiles, after dinosaurs extinct mammals flourished, range of sizes and body forms and complex unmatched, have hair more or less, mammary glands-secrete milk, only vertebrates with multiple dentitions, 3 middle ear ossicles, anucleate red blood cells, enlarged skull meaning brain enlarged-cerebrum and single lower jaw

91
New cards

what is largest mammal that exists

blue whale

92
New cards

fish like mammals

whales, dolphins, aquatic

93
New cards

bird like mammals

bats (highest metabolism of all)

94
New cards

reptile like mammals

3 species are egg layers

95
New cards

heterodont

different types (incisors and premolar and molar and canines)

96
New cards

thecodont

teeth with long roots embedded in jaw

97
New cards

diphyodont

2 sets of teeth in a lifetime (milk teeth aka baby)

98
New cards

pinna

pair of flaps of connective tissues that funnel sound

99
New cards

prototherian

3 egg layers (platypus)

100
New cards

metatherian

marsupials like possum, live bearing and short pregnancy