Bio 2 test 1

taxonomy

taxonomy

science of describing, naming, classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses; try to get into groups

systematics

biodiversity and evolutionary relationships between organisms extinct and modern

what is each group/level in the hierarchial system of taxonomy

a taxon

what is the highest level in the succession

domain

what are the three domains

bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

what is eukarya usually divided into

kingdoms or the 4 kingdom concept

what are the 4 kingdom in eukarya

protists, plantae, fungi, and animalia

what kingdom are prokaryotic cells in

bacteria and archaea

what kingdom are eukaryotic cells in

eukarya

prokaryotic cells

before nucleus, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, everything done on cell membrane, plasma and inefficent

eukaryotic cells

true nucleus, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, internal membrane system (compartments) allow for bigger organisms, everything done in compartments

binomial nomenclature

2 words and name, genus name and specific epithet; genus always capitalized and specific epithet never capitalized, ensure all talking about same thing instead of common words

who proposed binomial nomenclature

carolus linnaeus in 1753, artificial because we assign it so the actually species does not decide it

phylogeny

evolutionary history of species or group of species, to propose this used systematics, usually based on morphological (physical) or genetic data, more on the tree the better the model

phylogentic trees

hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various species not 100% accurate, genetic and physical and morphological

monophyletic group or clade

group of species, taxon, consisting of the most recent commpn ancestor and all of its descendents

paraphyteic group

contains a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendents

morphological analysis

first systematics studies focused on morpholgocial features of extinct and modern species, most of early classification methods used this and animal embryonic development

molecular systematics

analysis of genetic data like DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences to identify and study genetic similarities and propose phylogentic trees, the model will give number percent similarity

True or false: dna and amino acid sequences from closely related species are more similar to each other than to sequences from more distant related

true

prokaryotic diversity

prokaryotic fossils dated at 3.5 billion years,doma modern prokarytoes are most abundant, lacking sexual reproduction

domain bacteria

proteobacteria - “true bacteria” cyanobacteria - “blue green bacteria”

domain archaea

have an ‘almost’ bacteria specialized membranes, surrounded by wall

eukaryotic diversity- kingdom protista

earliest in fossil record, moist environment, microscopic, DNA— separate groups, “catch all” category

algae— plant like (mostly) 10 groups, autotrophic, few ingest food, unicellular through large multicell, cell wall

protozoans— animal like, heterotrophic, many unicellular, amoeba, paramecium, a sexual reproduction

fungal like protists— mostly saprotrophic (absorb food), mostly multicellular, slime molds

kingdom plantae

over 330,000 species, multicellular, mostly autotrophic, some not green, some parasites, fossils dated to 400 mybp, ancestral stock is probably some form of green algae but not currently living, 10 phyla, typically combined phyla into 4 broad catgeories for convience

requirements for kingdom plantae

food storage compound —starch

cell wall— cellulose (most abundant carb)

photosynthetic pigments — chlorophylls (A=green, B=beta carotene)

bryophytes

heptophyta (liverworts), anthocerophyta (hornworts), bryophyta (mosses); mosses and their allies, reproduce by spores, non vascular, external water for reproduction

pteridophytes

lycopodiophyta (lycophytes), pteriodophyta (ferns and allies), grouped as ferns and relatives; reproduce by sporesm vascular plants with xylem and phloem allow for large size, “true roots” because vascular, require external water because of flagellated sperm

gymnosperms

cycadophyta (cycads), ginkophyta (ginko), gnetophyta (gnetophytes), coniferophyta (conifers); similar seeds beacuse “naked seeds” — not enclosed in vessel, biggest conifers (cone bearing trees), vascular plants is more advanced, seeds have survival value but no vessel, embryo-store food-integument (coat), no external water needed for reproduction because of pollen tube

angiosperms

anthophyta (over 300,000); produce flowers-fruits, msot advanced tissue and seeds enclosed in a vessel→embryo-food-2 integuements- enclosed in fruit

top four things to know about angiosperms

91% of species, most advanced, flowers attract pollinators, fruit protecs seed and dispersal

what are the biggest confiers in the gymnosperm phyla

old pine, big sequioa, tall redwood aka bristlecone, giant, coastal

animal diversity

kingdom animalia, over 2.5 million species (1/2 insects), 35 phyla, more similaritites with in animal genomes than others, have the most information, earliest and most simple animal is sponge

characteristics for kingdom animalia

multicellular, lack cell wall, sexual reproduction with mobile small sperm and large egg, nervous tissue (complex, sensory), hox genes, heterotrophs, similar RNA

hox genes

clusters of genes laying out body design, all animals have and larger animals have more

metazoans

multicellular animals, parazoans-sponges, eumetazoans- ‘true’ multicellular animals

classification of kingdom animalia

morphology, molecular genetics, embryonic development (mostly same in the kingdom)

body plans for kingdom animalia

morphological and developmental features:

body symmetry- balanced proportions of body on sides of a plane

number of tissue layers- embryonic =germ layer

patterns of embryonic development- blastopore = 1st embryonic opening

symmetry

eumetazoa divided by symmetry; radiata- radially symmetry ( 2 tissue layers), divivded equally by any plane through central axis, often circular with opening with one end; bilateria- bilatteraly symmetric (3 tissue layers), divided a long vertical plane to get two halves, have cephalization (head region) and dorsal and ventral sides, have anterior and posterior ends

tissues

an aggregation of functionally similar cells; metazoa- all animals divided on specialized tissues; parazoa- without special tissues and organs— porifera sponges and maybe distinct cell types; eumetazoa- more than one tissue type and organ — all other animals

radiata germ layers

diploblastic 2 layers, endoderm inner layer, exoderm outer layer

bilateria germ layers

triploblastic 3 layers, endoderm inner layer, exoderm outer layer, mesoderm middle layer that forms muscles and other organs

germ layers

develop during gestation, radiata and bilateria have different embryonic cell layers

protstome embryonic development

blastopore becomes mouth (first opening)

deuterostome embryonic development

blastopore becomes anus (1st anus, 2nd mouth), advanced

what traits are not reliable according to molecular data to make phylogenies

coelon (body cavity) and body segmentation

body cavity

coelom - fluid filled body cavity, coelomate or eucoelomate (true coelom)- lines completely with mesoderm and advanced, pseudocoelomate- partially lines with mesoderm rotifers and roundworms, acoelomate- lack of body cavity and instead have mesenchym (stuffing) and primitive

functions of coelom

cushions internal organs, enables movement and growth of internal organs independently of body wall, fluid acts as a simple cirulatory system

segmentation

body might be divided into regions called segments - occurs in worms arthropods and chordates and is specialization of body regions, over a million arthropoda is largest

what two species dont have organs in the animal kingdom

sponges and jellyfish

genes used in molecular studies

rRNA is often focused on universal in all organisms and change slowly overtime; hox genes are often studied and are gound in all animals and duplications might have led to evolution of complex body forms (vertebrates), phylogenies made using rRNA and hox genes are similar and often agree with those based on morpholgy

invertbrate animals

fossils to 1.2 billion years, 95% of an animal species, vertebral column-vertbrae like column

phylum porifera

sponges, lack tissues and organs, untill 20 years ago been in kingdom protista, ‘pores’ filter water and food

phylum cnidera and phlyum ctenophora

cnidaria: jellyfish, corals, and anemones; ctenophora: comb jellies; both phylum: diploblastic development, mesoglea-gelationous covering, nerve net- interconnective nerve cells and no brain, 1 opening to GI cavity- protostome, both close genetically

phylum platyhelminthes

flatworms and flukes and tapeworms, triploblastic development , 1st with organ and organ system, enhanced nerve net with 2 cerebral ganglia, 1 GI opening and prostome

phylum rotifera

rotifers, pseudocoelomate, triploblastic development, complete gut tract with alimentary canal, protostomes, ‘corona’ saw to move and commin aquatic, simple brain

phylum mollusca

snails and slugs and oyesters and octopus and squid, triploblastic and eucoelomate, complete gut tract, protostome, average nervous sustem, octopus and squid have superior nervous system to rest

phylum annelida

segmented and ringed worms, triploblastic and eucoelomate, complete gut tract and protstomes, enhanced nervous system

phylum nematoda

roundworm, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate, complete GI tract, protostomes, not much difference between annelida

phylum antropoda

insects and crustaceans and spiders and ticks (mostly insects), highest species diversity around 1.5 million species, hardned exoskeleteon that sheds, protstomes and eucoeomates and triploblastic and complete GI tract, enhanced nervous system -social insects (colony) in particular have enhacned brain, most advanced group of prtotostomes

phylum echinodermata

sea stars and sea cucumbers and sand dollars, triplobalstic and eucoloemate and complete GI tract, deuterstomes, simple nervouse system, endoskeleton

phylum chordata

deuterstomes and endoskeleton, complete GI tract and eucoleomate and triploblastic, few invertrabrates but mostly vertebrates, bilateral symmetry

endoskeleton

series of plates that grow with body to make ti more advanced

5 critical body designs needed at some point in life to be considered a chordata

notochord, dorsal (hollow) nerve chors, pharangeal gill pouch, post anal tail, endostyle

notochord

cartilagenous supporting rod along dorsal axis replaced by jointed vertebral column of hardned cartilage or boney elements

dorsal (hollow) nerve chord

expanded at anterior end - brain, enclosed and supported and protected by vertebral column aka notochord, humans have largest brain relative to body size

pharangeal gill puches and slits

pharynx- back of mouth cavity, not fish (only during emrbyonic)

post anal tail

tail extends posterior of anus, our tail = coccyx

endostyle

metabolism

humans

notochord- replaced as a series of boney elements and only pieces left is IVD only during embryonic, nerve chord- dorsal/hollow with largest brain capacity, pharangeal pouch- embryonic divide into 1 pair for euctacheaean tubes, postal tail- 1 vertebra as tailbone aka coccyx, endostyle- thryroid gland for metabolism

subphylum urochordata

tunicates or sea squirts, small invertebrate marine, around 3000 species, filter feeders

subphylum cephalochordata

lancelets, invertebrates and marine and filter feeders, distinct head region (looks fish like)

subphylum vertebrata

vertebrates- chordates with vertebral column, chordate features and: vertebral column, cranium, endoskeleton, hox genes (multiple), neural crest

neural crest

cells around back into edge blue print to peripheral nervous system

cyclostomes

class myxini-hagfish, no jaws and eyes and fins and vertebrae, skeleton with notochord and cartilagenous skin, covered with slime that tastes bad and thick coat; class cephalospidomorphi- lamprey, have notochord and certilagenous vertebral column, no jaws and fins, fossils at 5100 million

class chondrichthyes

cartilagenous fish, shark and skates and rays, cartilagenous skeleton and notochord as adults, “jawed” fish and paired appendages (fins), powerful tail region, gills, retain through adulthood

class osteichthyes

bony fish, most diverse vertebrae group with over 27,00 species, bone for skull or plats, jawed and paired appendages, gills, notochord for most, lionfish and eel and seadragon

tetrapods class gnathostomes with four limbs

transition to land involved adaptations for locomotion and reproduction and prevent dessication, sturdy lob-finned fish became animals with four limbs, vertebral column strengthened and hips and shoulders braced against vertebral column, relatively simple changes in gene expression (hox genes)

class amphibia

amphibios-greek for living a double life split between aquatic and terrestiral, successfully invaded land but have to reproduce in water, lungs are an adaptation to semiterristrial life, 3 chamberred heart, smooth - thin skin and MUST be moist, external fertilization, larval stages are aquatic and undergo metamorphosis, not completely separated from water, example is frogs

amniotes

tetrapods with desiccation (resistant egg), critical innovation deviation of a shelled egg, amniotic egg broke tie to water (3 internal membranes), shell is permeable to oxygen and co2 with shell membrane, must be fertilized before (inside)

3 membranes of amniotes egg

chorion- together with allantois to allow gas exchange

allantois- wastes from embryo

protect embryo- “indoor pond” amniotic fluid

key innovations in amniotes

desiccation resistant skin- contain keratin, thoracic breathing- negative pressure suck air in, water conserving kidneys- concentrate waste prior to eliminate internal fertilization

class reptilia

over 8,000 species, turtle and crocs and lizards and snakes, live away from water, thicker skin and scales, larger brain and enhanced kidneys, larger limbs and muscles (increases locomotor skills), amniotic egg with leathery shells

oviparous

‘egg laying’ outside body fish, amphibian, reptile, birds, and 3 mammals

ovoviviparous

‘live bearing’ with retention of eggs NO maternal connection, fish and reptiles

viviparous

‘true’ livebearing with eggs retained and maternal connection aka placenta, reptile and mammals

class aves

over 9000 species, largest tetrapod class, “feathered reptiles”, birds, evolved from small dinosaurs, fossils at 150 mybp, adaptations for flight: feathers modified front limb and lighteight skeleton and organs reduced and lungs with air sac, all oviparous

endothermic

internal temperature, body temperature controlled by trapped matabolic heat (constant temperature)

ectothermic

external temperature, body temperature controlled by surrounding environment, metabolic heat is generated but hard to capture and maintain heat (temporary)

class mammalia

milk producing amniotes, evolved from ancestors earlier than birds, over 6000 species, appeared about 225 mybp- small mammal like dinosaurs and reptiles, after dinosaurs extinct mammals flourished, range of sizes and body forms and complex unmatched, have hair more or less, mammary glands-secrete milk, only vertebrates with multiple dentitions, 3 middle ear ossicles, anucleate red blood cells, enlarged skull meaning brain enlarged-cerebrum and single lower jaw

what is largest mammal that exists

blue whale

fish like mammals

whales, dolphins, aquatic

bird like mammals

bats (highest metabolism of all)

reptile like mammals

3 species are egg layers

heterodont

different types (incisors and premolar and molar and canines)

thecodont

teeth with long roots embedded in jaw

diphyodont

2 sets of teeth in a lifetime (milk teeth aka baby)

pinna

pair of flaps of connective tissues that funnel sound

prototherian

3 egg layers (platypus)

metatherian

marsupials like possum, live bearing and short pregnancy