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herbert hoover
promoted higher tariffs as a way of encouraging domestic consumption
believed in voluntaryism: americanâs were expected to pitch in + donate to charities + volunteer (POUR)
associationalism: assumed americanâs could maintain volunteer organizations for economic assistance
RFC - reconstruction finance corporation: provided emergency loans to banks (didnât work)
FDR
new deal, second new deal, won against Hoover cuz hoover wasnât very popular (not saying much !!)
Douglas MacArthur, John J. Pershing, Jack Pershing
military generals
suppressed bonus army
worked together to violently kick out bonus army veteran protestors
Dorothea Lange
photographer + photojournalist
depression-era work on Farm Security Administration
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
novel written in 1939
Focuses on a family of farmers fleeing Oklahoma, going to California to escape the Dust Bowl and to find jobs
Huey Long, âThe Kingfishâ (aka âRobinhoodâ)
controversial Louisiana governor
wanted to distribute everyoneâs money so everybody is at the same level
if you have too much money youâd have it taken away and given to people with too little money
Joe Kennedy
treasurer; controversial
head of securities and exchange commission; bootlegger; ambassador to Great Britain from Boston
NEPOTISM!! also JFKs dad
smoot-Hawley tariff act
hoover raised tariffs on goods coming to america; other countries raised tariffs on american goods so the economy ended up slowing down
passed in 1930
triggered a global trade war
hooverville
term for homeless people during great depression cuz of hoover
voluntaryism
Hooverâs belief that the government shouldnât help people, the people should help each other in the American way âso no government intervention
Black Thursday/Black Tuesday
stock prices plummeted
october 1929
at the time most people didnât actually own stocks, but people started to lose confidence in the economy which then led to people withdrawing all their savings at once
NYSE (the NY stock exchange)
related to Black Tuesday and the stock market crash
Wall St.
A street in NYC that is known for the stock exchange and business deals
Speculation
When you borrow and invest in the market because you think you can make a quick buck/easy money
risks too much money, didnât work in great depression
âMarginâ purchase of stock
when investors borrow money from their broker to purchase stocks
broker: someone who arranges transactions between buyer and seller
panic
economic panic on wall street/financial markets
Some kind of bad news, or particular event that triggers people to want to get their money out of the stock market/or bank
triggers domino effect
banking crisis
when multiple banks across the country have a debt greater than their equity
great depression had worst systemic banking crisis of the 20th century
Role of Germany / WWI settlement in US economic collapse
US removed funding meant for Germany â German economy collapses
treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay debt after WW1
âWe have nothing to fear but fear itselfâ
FDR quote
how he addressed the great depression
fireside chats
radio podcast w/ FDR to informally reassure Americans
first new deal
FDR
policies made to combat great depression
included programs such as:
Civilian Conservation Corps: provided jobs for young men
Social Security Act: provided safety net for elderly + disabled Americans
alphabet agencies
Second New Deal
also FDR
additional programs including WPA, NLRA + Social Security Act,
the new deals:
they were successful actually, it restored the economy
âcourt packingâ
roosevelt (FDR)
adding justices to the supreme court to shift the balance of parties
not approved by congress â saw through FDR and how he was trying to get more liberal votes for his favor
he did this cuz the Supreme Court kept rejecting FDRâs new Deal programs cuz they thought it was unconstitutional
âRelief, Recovery, Reformâ
FDRâs policy about relief aid
sums up New Deal
Social Security Act
social insurance program to pay retired workers through taxes
excluded many groups of people (African Americans, women, domestic workers, farm workers)
old age insurance: retirement benefits for eligible workers age 65+
unemployment insurance: temporary financial assistance to unemployed people where it wasnât their fault
aid to dependent children: financial assistance to children in poverty/parents canât support them
maternal + child welfare: funding for prenatal care, maternal health, + child welfare programs
disability insurance: benefits for disabled workers
public health services: funding for public health initiatives (research, education, disease prevention)
alphabet agencies
AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration â farm credit act
NIRA: National Industry Recovery Act â
NRA: National Recovery Administration
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
gov authority to oversee construction of dams in Tennessee Valley
WPA: Works Progress Administration
one of second new deal programs
most famous, employed 8.5 mil+ people
program for unemployed to participate in public work projects
PWA: Public Works Administration
part of new deal 1933
public works construction agency
created by NIRA to combat great depression
failed to raise industry profits; FDR decided to fund military efforts instead of PWA cuz of WW2
FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Agency)
established in 1933
distribute federal aid to states for relief
built on Emergency Relief and Construction Act
Emergency Banking Act and Economy Act
march 1933
Allowed the twelve Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency on good assets
economy act:
1932, permitted federal government agencies to buy goods/services from other fed gov agencies
1933; cut federal payments for veterans + payroll for federal employees
federal writers project
provided jobs for unemployed writers
civilian conservation corps
allowed single men between ages 18-25 to enlist in public work programs
securities and exchange commission
congress created in 1934; peak year of great depression
securities act (1933): transparency in financial statements of corporations
securities exchange act (1934): regulate secondary financial markets to make everything transparent for investors
wanted to have investors have greater faith in investments
securities: important information from the company
Pearl Harbor
dec 7 1941: japanese attack struck US navy base in Hawaii
reason for attack: the US cut off oil exports to Japan so they wanted revenge; also wanted to remove colonial possessions in Asia
the US joined WW2 and declared war on Japan; later declared on Italy + Germany