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“I do, indeed, consider the French Revolution as the severest trial which the visitation of Providence has ever yet inflicted upon the nations of the Earth. But I cannot help reflecting, with satisfaction, that this country [Great Britain], even under such a trial, has not only been exempted from those calamities which have covered almost every other part of Europe, but appears to have been reserved as a refuge and asylum to those who fled from its persecution. . . . And, perhaps, ultimately as an instrument to deliver the world from the crimes and miseries which have attended the Revolution. . . .
[The revolutionaries] had issued a universal declaration of war against all the thrones of Europe. They had passed the decree of November 19, 1792, proclaiming the promise of French aid to all nations who should manifest a wish to become free. . . . They had sealed their principles by the deposition of their sovereign. They had applied these principles to England, by inviting and encouraging the addresses of those seditious and traitorous societies who, from the beginning, favoured their views, and who, encouraged by your tolerance, were even then publicly avowing French doctrines, and anticipating their success; in this country were hailing the progress of those proceedings in France which led to the murder of its king. They were even then looking to the day when they should behold a national convention in England, formed upon similar principles.”
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by Pitt's speech?
A) British leaders did not see the French Revolution as a threat.
B) British leaders strongly desired peace with France.
C) British leaders saw their country as the strongest opponent of the French Revolution.
D) British leaders did not want to get involved in continental European affairs.
C) British leaders saw their country as the strongest opponent of the French Revolution.
Pitt's cautiously expressed hope at the end of the first paragraph that Britain might be "the instrument to deliver the world from the crimes and miseries which have attended the Revolution" directly supports this conclusion.
“I do, indeed, consider the French Revolution as the severest trial which the visitation of Providence has ever yet inflicted upon the nations of the Earth. But I cannot help reflecting, with satisfaction, that this country [Great Britain], even under such a trial, has not only been exempted from those calamities which have covered almost every other part of Europe, but appears to have been reserved as a refuge and asylum to those who fled from its persecution. . . . And, perhaps, ultimately as an instrument to deliver the world from the crimes and miseries which have attended the Revolution. . . .
[The revolutionaries] had issued a universal declaration of war against all the thrones of Europe. They had passed the decree of November 19, 1792, proclaiming the promise of French aid to all nations who should manifest a wish to become free. . . . They had sealed their principles by the deposition of their sovereign. They had applied these principles to England, by inviting and encouraging the addresses of those seditious and traitorous societies who, from the beginning, favoured their views, and who, encouraged by your tolerance, were even then publicly avowing French doctrines, and anticipating their success; in this country were hailing the progress of those proceedings in France which led to the murder of its king. They were even then looking to the day when they should behold a national convention in England, formed upon similar principles.”
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by Pitt's description of France's goals with regard to Great Britain?
A) France wished to imitate the British system of parliamentary monarchy.
B) France wished to export its radical revolutionary ideas to Great Britain.
C) France found no British subjects receptive to revolutionary ideas.
D) France focused on continental rivals and had no hostile intentions toward Great Britain.
B) France wished to export its radical revolutionary ideas to Great Britain.
In the second paragraph, Pitt's description of the French promise of support for prorevolutionary movements in other countries and his description of the activities of British revolutionary sympathizers provide evidence of France's intent to export the ideals of the Revolution to Britain.
“I do, indeed, consider the French Revolution as the severest trial which the visitation of Providence has ever yet inflicted upon the nations of the Earth. But I cannot help reflecting, with satisfaction, that this country [Great Britain], even under such a trial, has not only been exempted from those calamities which have covered almost every other part of Europe, but appears to have been reserved as a refuge and asylum to those who fled from its persecution. . . . And, perhaps, ultimately as an instrument to deliver the world from the crimes and miseries which have attended the Revolution. . . .
[The revolutionaries] had issued a universal declaration of war against all the thrones of Europe. They had passed the decree of November 19, 1792, proclaiming the promise of French aid to all nations who should manifest a wish to become free. . . . They had sealed their principles by the deposition of their sovereign. They had applied these principles to England, by inviting and encouraging the addresses of those seditious and traitorous societies who, from the beginning, favoured their views, and who, encouraged by your tolerance, were even then publicly avowing French doctrines, and anticipating their success; in this country were hailing the progress of those proceedings in France which led to the murder of its king. They were even then looking to the day when they should behold a national convention in England, formed upon similar principles.”
Pitt's speech regarding the possibility of peace with France was most likely influenced by which of the following developments?
A) Napoleon's military victories over rival continental powers and assumption of political leadership in France
B) Great Britain's weakness in naval power relative to the naval power of France
C) Pitt's concern over the possibility of France gaining allies outside of Europe
D) The physically destructive effects of the war against France on the territory of the British Isles
A) Napoleon's military victories over rival continental powers and assumption of political leadership in France.
At the moment of Pitt's speech, the British government was considering a treaty with France because of the high cost of the war and the difficulty of fighting Napoleon without any allies on the continent.
The following question refers to the topic of the rise of global markets in the 1700s.
Which of the following was the most direct effect of commercial rivalries among France, Spain, England, and other European powers in the 1700s?
A) An increase in warfare between European states over possession of overseas colonies
B) An increase in the desire to protect the rights of indigenous peoples of the Americas
C) An increase in popularity of Enlightenment ideals of religious liberty
D) An increase in population as a result of new foods introduced from the Americas
D) An increase in population as a result of new foods introduced from the Americas.
As the governments of European states sought to increase national wealth in the eighteenth century, they were drawn into rivalries with each other over overseas trade routes and colonies, which were potentially large sources of income for states.
The following question refers to the topic of the rise of global markets in the 1700s.
Which of the following best explains why the major European sea powers vied for control over the Atlantic in the 1700s?
A) European states increasingly relied on imports of staple foods from the Americas.
B) European states relied on Atlantic fisheries as sources of state revenue.
C) European states increasingly imported luxury goods such as sugar and coffee from the Americas.
D) European states increasingly attempted to enforce free-trade policies.
C) European states increasingly imported luxury goods such as sugar and coffee from the Americas.
The transatlantic trade, which imported sugar, coffee, and other luxury goods from the Americas to Europe, became a highly lucrative part of the global trade system.
The following question refers to the topic of the rise of global markets in the 1700s.
Which of the following best explains why the trade rivalry between European states resulted in Britain becoming the dominant power by the end of the 1700s?
A) Britain's access to resources and improvements in finance and industry allowed its economy to grow more rapidly than other countries.
B) Britain's constitutional reforms, such as the Act of Union with Scotland, improved the stability of its government relative to the governments of other European powers.
C) Britain's policy of relative religious toleration made British colonies an attractive destination for migrants from continental Europe.
D) Britain's sponsorship of natural scientists such as Isaac Newton through the Royal Society gave Britain a technological advantage over its rivals.
A) Britain's access to resources and improvements in finance and industry allowed its economy to grow more rapidly than other countries.
Britain's access to domestic resources such as coal and iron as well as resources and income from its overseas colonies and trading posts contributed strongly to its economic growth.
Which of the following best describes the trend in England's total trade with the world shown in the table?
A) Both imports and exports decreased in the period 1700 to 1773.
B) Both imports and exports increased in the period 1700 to 1773.
C) Imports increased in the period 1700 to 1773, but exports decreased.
D) Imports decreased in the period 1700 to 1773, but exports increased.
B) Both imports and exports increased in the period 1700 to 1773.
The table shows that imports increased from about 5.8 million pounds in the years 1700-1701 to about 12.4 million pounds in the years 1772-1773, while exports also increased from about 6.6 million pounds in the years 1700-1701 to about 15.5 million pounds in the years 1772-1773.
Which of the following best describes the trend in the percentage portion of English trade conducted with Atlantic ports as shown in the table?
A) The overall portion of Atlantic trade increased, with exports making up a larger share than imports.
B) The overall portion of Atlantic trade decreased, with exports making up a larger share than imports.
C) The overall portion of Atlantic trade increased, with imports making up a larger share than exports.
D) The overall portion of Atlantic trade decreased, with imports making up a larger share than exports.
C) The overall portion of Atlantic trade increased, with imports making up a larger share than exports.
The table shows that, for both imports and exports, the portion of English trade with Atlantic ports increased between the years 1700-1701 and the years 1772-1773. The table also shows that the portion of imports from Atlantic ports remained consistently higher than the portion of exports to Atlantic ports throughout the period.
Which of the following best describes the overall trends in English trade shown in the table?
A) England's overall trade increased, and the Atlantic trade made up a greater share.
B) England's overall trade decreased, and the Atlantic trade made up a greater share.
C) England's overall trade increased, and the Atlantic trade made up a lesser share.
D) England's overall trade decreased, and the Atlantic trade made up a lesser share.
A) England's overall trade increased, and the Atlantic trade made up a greater share.
The table shows increases in the total value of imports and the total value of exports from the years 1700-1701 to the years 1772-1773. At the same time the table shows that the portion of trade accounted for by the Atlantic trade also increased for both imports and exports.
Source 1
“It is useless to talk to [the revolutionaries of France] of the practice of their ancestors, the fundamental laws of their country, the fixed form of a constitution, whose merits are confirmed by the solid test of long experience, and an increasing public strength and national prosperity. They despise experience as the wisdom of unlettered men; and as for the rest, they have wrought underground a mine that will blow up at one grand explosion all examples of antiquity, all precedents, charters, and acts of parliament. They have ‘the rights of men.’ Against these there can be no prescription; against these no argument is binding: these admit no temperament, and no compromise: anything withheld from their full demand is [regarded as] so much of fraud and injustice.”
Source 2
“We seek an order of things in which all the base and cruel passions are enchained, all the beneficent and generous passions are awakened by the laws; where ambition becomes the desire to merit glory and to serve our country; where distinctions are born only of equality itself; where the citizen is subject to the magistrate, the magistrate to the people, and the people to justice; where our country assures the well-being of each individual, and where each individual proudly enjoys our country's prosperity and glory; where every soul grows greater through the continual flow of republican sentiments, and by the need of deserving the esteem of a great people; where the arts are the adornments of the liberty which ennobles them, and commerce is the source of public wealth rather than solely the monstrous opulence of a few families.
But, in order to lay the foundations of democracy among us and to consolidate it, in order to arrive at the peaceful reign of constitutional laws, we must finish the war of liberty against tyranny and safely cross through the storms of the revolution: that is the goal of the revolutionary system which you have put in order. You should therefore still base your conduct upon the stormy circumstances in which the republic finds itself; and the plan of your administration should be the result of the spirit of revolutionary government, combined with the general principles of democracy.”
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two authors' views of traditional authority?
A) Both Robespierre and Burke respect traditional forms of authority and feel that they should be provide a model of governance.
B) Both Robespierre and Burke reject traditional forms of authority, and wish to create a new model.
C) Robespierre rejects traditional forms of authority, while Burke respects them.
D) Robespierre respects traditional forms of authority, while Burke rejects them.
C) Robespierre rejects traditional forms of authority, while Burke respects them.
Robespierre's calls for the abolition of social and political distinctions, the encouragement of republican sentiments, the establishment of democracy, and the ending of disparities of wealth are all evidence of his rejection of the social and political traditions of France's Old Regime. In contrast, Burke's condemnation of what he sees as the destructive principles of the French Revolution and his positive evocation of "the practice of their ancestors, the fundamental laws of their country, the fixed form of a constitution," are all evidence of his faith in traditional models of government and society.
Source 1
“It is useless to talk to [the revolutionaries of France] of the practice of their ancestors, the fundamental laws of their country, the fixed form of a constitution, whose merits are confirmed by the solid test of long experience, and an increasing public strength and national prosperity. They despise experience as the wisdom of unlettered men; and as for the rest, they have wrought underground a mine that will blow up at one grand explosion all examples of antiquity, all precedents, charters, and acts of parliament. They have ‘the rights of men.’ Against these there can be no prescription; against these no argument is binding: these admit no temperament, and no compromise: anything withheld from their full demand is [regarded as] so much of fraud and injustice.”
Source 2
“We seek an order of things in which all the base and cruel passions are enchained, all the beneficent and generous passions are awakened by the laws; where ambition becomes the desire to merit glory and to serve our country; where distinctions are born only of equality itself; where the citizen is subject to the magistrate, the magistrate to the people, and the people to justice; where our country assures the well-being of each individual, and where each individual proudly enjoys our country's prosperity and glory; where every soul grows greater through the continual flow of republican sentiments, and by the need of deserving the esteem of a great people; where the arts are the adornments of the liberty which ennobles them, and commerce is the source of public wealth rather than solely the monstrous opulence of a few families.
But, in order to lay the foundations of democracy among us and to consolidate it, in order to arrive at the peaceful reign of constitutional laws, we must finish the war of liberty against tyranny and safely cross through the storms of the revolution: that is the goal of the revolutionary system which you have put in order. You should therefore still base your conduct upon the stormy circumstances in which the republic finds itself; and the plan of your administration should be the result of the spirit of revolutionary government, combined with the general principles of democracy.”
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two authors' views of the "rights of man"?
A) Both Burke and Robespierre support the concept of equal rights.
B) Both Burke and Robespierre are opposed to the concept of equal rights.
C) Burke is skeptical of the concept, while Robespierre claims to support them.
D) Burke claims to support them, while Robespierre is skeptical of the concept.
C) Burke is skeptical of the concept, while Robespierre claims to support them.
Burke expresses serious misgivings about the revolutionaries' appeal to the concept of the rights of man as a justification for their actions. Robespierre, on the other hand, expresses his hope that France will have a government that guarantees all its citizens equal status and is answerable to the people.
Source 1
“It is useless to talk to [the revolutionaries of France] of the practice of their ancestors, the fundamental laws of their country, the fixed form of a constitution, whose merits are confirmed by the solid test of long experience, and an increasing public strength and national prosperity. They despise experience as the wisdom of unlettered men; and as for the rest, they have wrought underground a mine that will blow up at one grand explosion all examples of antiquity, all precedents, charters, and acts of parliament. They have ‘the rights of men.’ Against these there can be no prescription; against these no argument is binding: these admit no temperament, and no compromise: anything withheld from their full demand is [regarded as] so much of fraud and injustice.”
Source 2
“We seek an order of things in which all the base and cruel passions are enchained, all the beneficent and generous passions are awakened by the laws; where ambition becomes the desire to merit glory and to serve our country; where distinctions are born only of equality itself; where the citizen is subject to the magistrate, the magistrate to the people, and the people to justice; where our country assures the well-being of each individual, and where each individual proudly enjoys our country's prosperity and glory; where every soul grows greater through the continual flow of republican sentiments, and by the need of deserving the esteem of a great people; where the arts are the adornments of the liberty which ennobles them, and commerce is the source of public wealth rather than solely the monstrous opulence of a few families.
But, in order to lay the foundations of democracy among us and to consolidate it, in order to arrive at the peaceful reign of constitutional laws, we must finish the war of liberty against tyranny and safely cross through the storms of the revolution: that is the goal of the revolutionary system which you have put in order. You should therefore still base your conduct upon the stormy circumstances in which the republic finds itself; and the plan of your administration should be the result of the spirit of revolutionary government, combined with the general principles of democracy.”
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two authors' views of liberty?
A) Both authors see their ideologies as suppressing liberty.
B) Both authors see their ideas as encouraging a form of liberty.
C) Burke sees his own ideas as restricting liberty, while Robespierre sees his own ideas as encouraging liberty.
D) Burke sees his own ideas as encouraging liberty, while Robespierre sees his own ideas as restricting liberty.
B) Both authors see their ideas as encouraging a form of liberty.
Both authors favor some form of liberty. Burke argues that the revolutionaries' principles will lead to extremism and oppression, thus implying that a traditional form of government was a better protector of liberty. Robespierre also believes that his proposals will achieve the aim of gaining and protecting liberty for the citizens of France.
Napoleon Bonaparte's encouragement of a national education system and a merit-based civil service as well as his issuance of a rationalized legal code are best explained by his desire to
A) imitate British governmental reforms
B) implement Enlightenment principles
C) restore absolutist rule
D) move toward the creation of a democratic system of government
B) implement Enlightenment principles
Napoleon's actions were based on Enlightenment principles that advocated overturning tradition in favor of rationalized, evidence-based ways of organizing society and government.
Napoleon's preservation of theoretically representative institutions such as the Senate, Tribunal, and Legislative Assembly under his monarchical rule is best explained by his aim to
A) create a universal model of participatory government that could be copied by other European countries
B) preempt popular desire for a return to rule by the Bourbon dynasty
C) spread the responsibility for major governmental decisions among as wide a group as possible
D) present himself as fulfilling the principle of popular sovereignty established during the French Revolution
D) present himself as fulfilling the principle of popular sovereignty established during the French Revolution
Napoleon's popularity was to some degree dependent on his presentation of himself as the fulfillment of the popular will of the French people, and later, the people of Europe.
Great Britain's ability to play a leading role in the allied coalition that eventually defeated Napoleon is best explained by its earlier
A) creation of a national Protestant church
B) adoption of a constitutional monarchy
C) establishment of a global maritime empire
D) defeat of attempts to reestablish Catholic rule in Britain'
C) establishment of a global maritime empire
Britain's naval power and ability to cut off French overseas trade, combined with its ability to draw on the economic resources of an overseas empire, meant it could subsidize French rivals on the continent, in addition to fielding armies in Spain and other parts of Europe.
“Germany, following the period of the Napoleonic wars, was confronted with problems which England [had] required ten centuries to solve—the remains of the feudal system, constitutional problems, church and state, and, above all, the all-important problem of national unity.
The Congress of Vienna did away with the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine*, but no attempt was made to restore the Holy Roman Empire. That institution was gone for good, although the universalist dreams with which it was associated lingered on in various forms for many years. . . .
True, many of the changes brought about by the revolution remained untouched, but the absolutist princes that were thrown out by the hateful foreigner were welcomed back by a population that was more deeply attached to order, authority, tradition, and patriarchal rule than to doctrines of natural rights, popular sovereignty, or democratic ideology. . . . Nobles again were to dance only with the nobles, the best seats in the theater and opera were again to be reserved for the nobility, and the upstart bourgeois classes were put back in their former places. The bourgeoisie, moreover, showed little resentment at being restored to its ‘God-given’ inferior status.”
* The Confederation was grouping of small German states set up by Napoleon under French dominance.
Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support Pinson's claim regarding the "universalist dreams" associated with the Holy Roman Empire?
A) Prussian efforts to gain greater influence in the German states after the Congress of Vienna
B) The continued existence of Catholic bishoprics and other small states in Germany after the Congress of Vienna
C) The influence of Romantic ideology in German Christian thought, such as the Lutheran revivalist movement associated with German Pietism
D) The continued influence of German nationalism in calls for the unification of the German states
D) The continued influence of German nationalism in calls for the unification of the German states
The Holy Roman Empire, though it comprised some non-German regions, primarily consisted of German states under the nominal leadership of an ethnically German imperial dynasty (the Austrian Habsburgs). As such, some German nationalists saw it as a model for a unified Germany even after the Napoleonic period.
“Germany, following the period of the Napoleonic wars, was confronted with problems which England [had] required ten centuries to solve—the remains of the feudal system, constitutional problems, church and state, and, above all, the all-important problem of national unity.
The Congress of Vienna did away with the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine*, but no attempt was made to restore the Holy Roman Empire. That institution was gone for good, although the universalist dreams with which it was associated lingered on in various forms for many years. . . .
True, many of the changes brought about by the revolution remained untouched, but the absolutist princes that were thrown out by the hateful foreigner were welcomed back by a population that was more deeply attached to order, authority, tradition, and patriarchal rule than to doctrines of natural rights, popular sovereignty, or democratic ideology. . . . Nobles again were to dance only with the nobles, the best seats in the theater and opera were again to be reserved for the nobility, and the upstart bourgeois classes were put back in their former places. The bourgeoisie, moreover, showed little resentment at being restored to its ‘God-given’ inferior status.”
* The Confederation was grouping of small German states set up by Napoleon under French dominance.
Which of the following pieces of evidence would most directly challenge Pinson's claim that the bourgeoisie accepted its status after the Congress of Vienna?
A) The emergence of Romantic art, with its emphasis on challenging Enlightenment rationality in favor of emotion and feeling
B) The continued influence of French revolutionary thought in Germany, which led to new radical ideologies
C) The development of state-sponsored industrial economic systems in Germany during the nineteenth century
D) The continued restrictions placed on women's participation in political activities in much of Germany
B) The continued influence of French revolutionary thought in Germany, which led to new radical ideologies
Pinson claims that the German bourgeoisie generally acquiesced to the restoration of the traditional social hierarchy, which placed it in a position inferior to the aristocracy.
“Germany, following the period of the Napoleonic wars, was confronted with problems which England [had] required ten centuries to solve—the remains of the feudal system, constitutional problems, church and state, and, above all, the all-important problem of national unity.
The Congress of Vienna did away with the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine*, but no attempt was made to restore the Holy Roman Empire. That institution was gone for good, although the universalist dreams with which it was associated lingered on in various forms for many years. . . .
True, many of the changes brought about by the revolution remained untouched, but the absolutist princes that were thrown out by the hateful foreigner were welcomed back by a population that was more deeply attached to order, authority, tradition, and patriarchal rule than to doctrines of natural rights, popular sovereignty, or democratic ideology. . . . Nobles again were to dance only with the nobles, the best seats in the theater and opera were again to be reserved for the nobility, and the upstart bourgeois classes were put back in their former places. The bourgeoisie, moreover, showed little resentment at being restored to its ‘God-given’ inferior status.”
* The Confederation was grouping of small German states set up by Napoleon under French dominance.
Which of the following would best support Pinson's claim that ordinary Germans were eager to reject French influence?
A) The mass uprisings against Napoleonic rule across Germany, which contributed to Napoleon's defeat
B) The participation of Austria and Prussia in the Congress of Vienna
C) The emergence of German nationalist student societies opposed to the reestablishment of pre-Napoleonic regimes
D) The continuation of the policy of military conscription in Prussia after the Congress of Vienna
A) The mass uprisings against Napoleonic rule across Germany, which contributed to Napoleon's defeat
Following Napoleon's disastrous defeat in Russia in 1812, Germans from several states occupied by Napoleon formed resistance units that played an important part in his defeat in Germany in 1813.
Which of the following best explains Rousseau's importance to the development of Romanticism?
A) He questioned the assertion of the equal rights of women.
B) He believed that society was based on a social contract.
C) He emphasized the role of emotions in moral improvement.
D) He published one of the first confessional autobiographies.
C) He emphasized the role of emotions in moral improvement.
Rousseau's emphasis on emotion as a guide to moral and social improvement set the pattern for Romantic writers and thinkers after him.
Which of the following best explains why Romanticism is seen as a challenge to Enlightenment thought?
A) Romanticism became associated with nationalism.
B) Romanticism was significantly influenced by the French Revolution.
C) Romanticism was characterized by an emphasis on emotion as a source of truth.
D) Romanticism was influential in the study of nature and the natural sciences.
C) Romanticism was characterized by an emphasis on emotion as a source of truth.
Romantics generally believed that emotion could lead people to a better understanding of themselves and society. Enlightenment philosophes, on the other hand, were generally wary of emotions as a guide to self-examination or social reform and sought to base their ideas on empirical and rational grounds in the same way that scientists did.
Which of the following best explains why the religious revival of the late eighteenth century is seen as consistent with the development of Romanticism?
A) They both rejected the Enlightenment emphasis on empiricism and Enlightenment beliefs that nature was knowable and predictable.
B) They both rejected emotional experiences in favor of dispassionate analysis.
C) They both advocated a return to the organized religious structure and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.
D) They both advocated the use of violence if necessary to create a shared national community.
A) They both rejected the Enlightenment emphasis on empiricism and Enlightenment beliefs that nature was knowable and predictable.
Followers of Romanticism were suspicious of empiricism—the scientific approach that relies on collecting observed evidence to confirm or refute a hypothesis. Romantics also tended not to favor the view that the natural world operated according to predictable laws.
Which of the following best describes a continuity in the political relationships between European states at the end of the seventeenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth?
A) Britain overtook France and other European states to become the greatest colonial power.
B) European states came together to restrain French attempts to dominate Continental Europe.
C) The Ottoman Empire continued to be a major threat to Europe.
D) The major European powers agreed to act against nationalist revolutions.
B) European states came together to restrain French attempts to dominate Continental Europe.
European states responded to the expansionist ambitions of Louis XIV and to those of Napoleon by forming coalitions to prevent France from dominating the continent.
Which of the following contributed most strongly to the outbreak of the French Revolution?
A) The Protestant Reformation
B) The Enlightenment
C) Religious revival
D) Romanticism
B) The Enlightenment
The popularity of Enlightenment ideas such as the social contract and popular sovereignty did motivate many of the leaders of the French Revolution
Which of the following best describes the impact of the wars of the French Revolution and of Napoleon on Europe?
A) The wars led to the spread of nationalist and liberal thought across Europe.
B) The wars failed to change the status quo of the European political order.
C) The wars transformed many European countries into liberal democracies.
D) The wars established France as the dominant power in Europe.
A) The wars led to the spread of nationalist and liberal thought across Europe.
Although the conquests by the armies of the French Revolution and Napoleon did not prove lasting, they did weaken the legitimacy of many traditional regimes and spread liberal and nationalist ideas across Europe.
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Flashcard (24)