OB Final

The skeletal system develops from

mesoderm

By what process is the skeletal system maintained

homeostasis

what is patterning

blueprint

which ossification center develoops earlier

primary

what are the second ossification centers that develop prenatally

distal femoral epiphysis

syndactyly

residual tissue- extra skin

typical limb development is

prox to distal

1. humerus/femur

2. radius.ulna & tibia/fibula

3. carpals and tarsals

4. meta

5. phalanges

what forms at 7 weeks

limb buds

what forms at 8 weeks

clavicle and mandible osteogenesis

what forms at 11/12 weeks

primary ossification centers of long bones

what forms at 12/14

hands and feet

what happens at 9-10 weeks

fetal movement

lateral bone

radiusme

medial bone

ulna

for the femur, measure the

proximal onewhat

is the medial larger bone on the side of the big toe

tibia

what is the lateral thinner bone

fibula

if you see the foot of the baby

club- foot should be perpendicular to the tib/fib

ratio of femur

1

oligiohydraminos

affects all systems (lung maturity, MSK development, GI tract)- not enough surfactant in lungs

normal amniotic fluid promotes

normal skeletal development

condensed mesoderm

cartilage—> bone

long bone

metaphysis

where is the primary ossification center on the bone

shaft (diaphysis)

where is the secndary ossification center on the bone

epiphysis

what does condensed mesoderm form

cartilage

GI tract in the baby, you notice the stomach is full and will not empty; what is most likely wrong with the baby? you also see a lot of amniotic fluid

duodenal atresia/ectasia

omphalocele

umbilical abdominal wall defect

how many arteries and veins are in the umbilical cord?

2 arteries, 1 vein

what plate is the chorionic

faces the baby

which plate is the basil

brook

overfilled bladder causes

artificial lengthening of the cervix

cervix should normally measure

2.5-3cm

cervical cerclage

what is this image

transverse image of the kidneys

what is the top arrow

gallbladder

what is the umbilical cord colour on US

3 vessels seen- Red, blue, red

what is gastrocesis

abdominal wall defect which does not involve the umbilical cord

what is omphalocele

defect through the umbilical cord, organs go outside of body, membrane covering defect

what is the candy cane view

aortic arch and neck vessels and descending aorta

hockey stick view

ductal arch view

what vessels are seen in the ductal arch view

ductus arteriosis

how wide should the cervix be for the pushing stage

10cm

the cervix should measure more that

2.5cm

should the bowel of the fetus be hyperechoic

no

is an umbilical cord cyst normal in the 1st trimester

yes

is an umbilical cord cyst normal in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters

no- indicated chromosomal abnormalitites

oligoamniotic fluid affects

all systems

during the birthing process, is decrease pH of fetal blood a sign of distress

yes

basal plate calcifications

grade 2

fetal birthing

30seconds

what forms the placenta

chorion frondosum and basalis

a thickness of greater than 4cm before 24 weeks is

abnormal

decidual spiral arteries are responsible for providing blood to the

intervillous spaces

size of gestational sac seen transabdominally

25mm

how will you know if the viteline sace (AKA yolk sac) is too big

usually measures 3-5mm- anything over 6mm is abnormal

double decidual sac sign

capsularis and parietalis

can you tell the difference between vernix and meconium

no

polyhydraminos

tooooo much amniotic fluid- >8cm

normal amniotic fluid

2-8cm

oligohydraminos

too little amniotic fluid- <2cm

AFI- amniotic fluid index

Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4 should add up to >50mm

single vertical >2cm is still considered a fail as per he BPP criteria

true

why is PROM without labour concerning?

infection

what term is given to the normal hardening/ toughening of the skin that occurs in the 2nd trimester

keratinized

what does normal amniotic fluid volume tell us about renal function

that they are working and there is no obstruction

what are sloughed off skin cells in amniotic fluid called

vernix

is AFV measurement of 10cm considered normal?

no

biophysical profile is scored out of 8. what do you need to pass?

it includes fetal breathing movements, fetal movement, fetal tone, amniotic fluid volume. need 8/8

fetal breathing

3 or more movements in 30 minutes

fetal tone

flex extremity and make sure they extend and go back to normal

NST and breathing are the first factors to be affected by

asphyxia

modified BPP is normal if NST is reactive and AFI is >5cm

true

fetal breathing decreases significantly

up to 3 days before labour

most important view includes

head, stomach, bowel

what does sparing mean?

decreased resistance to brain

diastolic flow need to be present in

umbilical cord doppler

what does lightening mean

when the baby drops lower in the pelvis- can occur weeks before labour

active labour is when the cervix measures between

4-8cm

what stage is occuring when contractions last longer than 1 minute

transition

which fetal lie gives you more risks

transverse

umbilical cord prolapse is an

emergency

fetal blood pH (acidosis)

results from a lack of oxygen to the fetus

passing of fetal stool

mecondium

twins deliver at

35-36 weeks

quadruplets deliver at

30 weeks

triplets deliver at

32 weeks

what hormone causes the cervix to soften

relaxin

what hormone causes contractions to start

oxytocin

what term is used for softening of the cervix

rippening

what is “false labour” known as

braxton hicks contraction

what 3 vessels are shown in 3 vessel view

pulmonary, aorta, SVC

parity =

of pregnancies carried to 20 weekswh

at structure lies between the thalami and contains CSF

3rd ventricle

whats between the 3rd and 4th ventricle

aqueduct of sylvius and it carries CSF

is double decidual sac sign normal in early pregnancy

yes

during skeletal genesis, what will develop into mesoderm

cartilage

what is the structure that lines the chorion and feeds the fetus

amnion

what is the shunt called in the babys liver that connects to the IVC

ductus venosus

what is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus

connects pulmonary trunk to the aorta