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what is the difference between saturated, polyunsaturated, unsaturated, cis and trans fats
saturated: no kinks and only single bonds
polyunsaturated: multiple double bonds
unsaturated: 1 double bond
cis fat: is a unsaturated fatty acid with 2H in the same positon (most common and found in nature)
trans fat: an unsaturated fatty acid with 2H in opposite positions (artifical)
what part of a fatty acid is polar, and which is nonpolar
The carboxylic acids are the polar head, and the hydrocarbon chain is the nonpolar tail that faces inside.
what are the factors that contribute to the melting point of a fatty acid
1) length of the nonpolar tail
2) number of double bonds. the more there are the lower the boiling point
what do the numbers for a saturated fatty acid tell us
first number is the total amount of carbons present and the second is the total number of double bonds. so it should always be a number to 0 (12:0 lauric acid)
what is the difference between the omega and delta system when identifying unsaturated fatty acids
omega: first number is the amount of carbons, second number is the amount of double bonds, and third number is the carbon that the double is located starting from the NONPOLAR END/hydrocarbon. (ex: 16:1n-7 is palmitoleic acid)
delta: is the same thing indicates the carbon from the POLAR END/carboxylic!
what are other names for fat and what is the structure
triglycerides/triacylglycerols
(3 esterifed fatty acids attached to a common backbone. the 3 FA can be different)
what is the storage form of a fatty acid and where is it stored
triglyceride/triacylglycerol which is stored into adipocyte cells
how much more metabolic energy do fats produce compared to glycogen
6x more
what is the structure of a glycerophospholipid?
3 carbon backbone with 2 FA chains attached to carbons 1 and 2. Carbon 3 has a phosphate and functional group (VERY COMMON IN MEMBRANE) 1 HEAD 2 TAIL
what are the 3 most common head groups that could attach to glycerophospholipids phosphate group
choline, ethanolamine, serine
what are phospholipases
there are enzymes that can cut a phospholipid in specific spots
we know that glycerophosploids have fatty acids that usually attach on the first 2 carbons of the 3 carbons it contains. theses carbons usually have Ester bonds. what does it become when carbon 1 is replaced with an ether bond?
it becomes a modified version called a plasmalogen
what is the backbone of a sphingolipid called? and what commonly attaches to it?
sphingosine. ceramide attaching to the amine group OR a phosphocholine attaching to first carbon
what is this? which is the backbone and whats its name
a type of sphingolipid called a sphingomyelins . the backbone is in black and the group in blue makes it the sphingomylein. ONE HEAD 2 TAILS
what is a sphingolipid that has a monosaccharide as a head group
a cerebroside
what is a ganglioside?
a sphingolipid with oligosaccharides as head groups. black is the backbone (sphingosine), blue is the oligosaccharides, green is fatty acid
what is the most abundant steriod and in plasma membranes? What else is it used for? what makes it more rigid than other lipids
cholesterol /isoprenoids (another lipid) and the fused ring makes it stable. its used in hormones and vitamin synthesis
what is a micelle?
amphiphilic molecules (soaps and detergents) basically come together and trap water inside while the hydrophilic heads are also outside facing the water
what are factros of lipi bilayers
-its fluid and the heads can move from left to right (fast process called lateral diffusion), sometimes across (slow process called transverse diffusion). The hydrocarbon tails wave
-also is asymmetical, different lipids are found in each leaflet
how do the lipid bilayers/cellular membrane maintain its fluidity
its temperature dependent.
- if the temp is low, shorten the length and increase the number of double bonds which lowers the mp and keep the fluidity
what are the 3 ways a protein can be linked to a membrane
1) integral membrane proteins (the residues imbedded in the membrane are nonpolar and hydrophobic)
2) Peripheral membrane proteins
3) Lipid linked proteins
what is another name for plasma membrane or lipid bilayer
fluid mosaic model (proteins attached flow through a sea of lipids)
what is inner vs outter leaflet and what do the breakdowns tell us
it means inside verses outside of the cell, and they contain different types of lipids in varying amounts depending
what are the 2 most common lipids found inside the membrane? (inner leaflet)
sphingololipuds and glycerolphospholids.
why are the most 2 common types of lipids the most common
they have 1 head and 2 tails so it gives them a square shape and they fit next to each other and create a perfect seal
what lipidS ARE not good for membreanes and why
fatty acids AND triacylglyerols because they have 1 head and 3 tails forming a triangle shape and leaving gaps.
