Adolescent Psychology Exam 3

Chapters 9-12, and School Shootings

Peer

individuals who are about the same age or maturity level

what is negative emotionality?

very low threshold for experiencing anger, fear, anxiety, and irritation

• impairs peer relations

what is conformity?

when individuals adopt the attitudes or behaviors of others because of real or imagined pressure on them

• peaks in 8th or 9th grade

who is most likely to conform to peer pressure?

• adolescents who are uncertain about their social identity

• adolescents in the presence of someone they view as higher status

what is sociometric status?

the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer group

how do we measure sociometric status?

• asking children how much they like or dislike each of their classmates

• asking children and adolescents to nominate the peers they like the most and those they like the least

popular adolescents

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

average adolescents

receive an average number of likes and dislikes from their peers

neglected adolescents

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by peers

rejected adolescents

infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

controversial adolescents

frequently nominated as someone’s best friend as as being disliked

when is it best to assess peer status?

adolescence

outcome for popular adolescents?

• give out reinforcements

• listen carefully

• maintain open lines of communication

• are happy

outcomes for rejected adolescents?

• serious adjustment problems than those who are neglected

• rejected and aggressive forecast problems

aggressive peer rejected boys outcomes

• more impulsive and have attention problems

• more emotionally reactive

• have fewer social skills

conglomerate strategies

involve the use of a combination of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents’ social skills

how do adolescents’ who are more aggressive tend to interpret ambiguous situations?

interpertet peers’ behaviors as hostile

Dodge’s Social Information Processing Model

explains social behavior as a series of cognitive steps, including:

• encoding

  • notice cues in the environment

• interpretation

  • interpret the cues they notice, including attributing intent to others

• goal selection/response generation

  • select goals they want to achieve and access possible responses from their memory

• evaluation

  • evaluate the potential consequences of their responses

• enactment

  • choose and enact a response

encoding

notice cues in the environment

interpretation

interpret the cues they notice, including attributing intent to others

goal selection/response generation

select goals they want to achieve and access possible responses from their memory

evaluation

evaluate the potential consequences of their responses

enactment

choose and enact a response

what changes occur in friendship from childhood to adolescence?

• teens prefer to have a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate

• increase in psychological importance and intimacy in close friends during EARLY ADOLESCENSE

what factors contribute to loneliness?

individual characteristics and peer experiences

Surgeon General Advisory

• 15-24 year olds reported 70% less social interaction

• use social media as a replacement for in-person relationships

cohabitation

living together in a sexual relationship without being married

what is a constructivist approach to student learning?

a learner centered and emphasizes importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

what is direct instruction approach ?

structured and teacher-centered

• high teacher expectations for students’ progress

• maximum time spent by students on academic tasks

• efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum

• an important goal is maximizing student learning

NCLB Legislation

state wide standardized testing has a number of positive effects, including improved student performance

Critics of NCLB

• more harm than good

• using a single test as the sole indicator of students’ progress and competence presents a very narrow view of their skills

ESSA

• gives states more flexibility in implementation

• uses at least one non academic factor when tracking schools’ succes

top dog phenomenon

the circumstances of moving from the top position to the lowest position

who is affected by top dog phenomenon

elementary to middle or junior high

What were the concerns/ recommendations made by the Carnegie Council in 1989 to
improve adolescent schooling?

• developing smaller “communities” to lessen impersonal nature of school

• lowering student-to-counselor ratios

• involving parents and community toddlers

dropping out causes

• school-related problems

• economic reasons

• friends drop out

• personal reasons

transition from highschool to college

• replays the top dog phenomenon

• more impersonal school structure

• focus on achievement and performance

• reduced contact with parents

• increased depression in college students now compared to students n the 1980s

today college students experience

• more stressed and more depressed

• concerns about getting a job, making lots of money

authoritative classroom management

• encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring

• authoritative teachers engage students in considerable verbal give-and-take and show a sharing attitude toward them

authoritarian classroom management

• restrictive and punitive

• focus is mainly keeping order in the classroom rather than on instruction and learning

permissive classroom management

• offers autonomy but provides them with little support for developing learning skills or managing their behavior

what countries have the highest percentage of adults who have a post secondary degree?

Ireland and Lithuania have the highest percentage of 25 to 34 year olds among the 30 countries in the OECD

three types of learning disabilities

• dyslexia

• dysgraphia

• dyscalculia

intrinsic motivation

internal motivation factors such as a self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort

extrinsic motivation

external motivation factors such as rewards and punishments

self-determination and personal choice

adolescents want to believe that they are doing something because of their own reasons, not because of external success or rewards

cognitive engagement and responsibility

• creating learning environments that encourage students to become cognitively engaged and take responsibility for learning

• real-world situations

Csikszentmihalyi’s Flow

• develop a sense of mastery

• are absorbed in a state on concentration while engaged

• take on challenges they find neither too difficult nor too easy

when is flow most likely to occur?

in areas in which adolescents are challenged and perceive themselves as having a high degree of skill

mastery orientation

adolescents who are task oriented

• do not focus on the ability but concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement instead of the outcome

helpless orientation

adolescents who seem trapped by the experience of difficulty and attribute their trouble to lack of ability

performance orientation

adolescents who are focused on winning, rather than on an achievement outcome, and believe that happiness results from winning

Jacquelynne Eccles

defined expectations for students’ sucsess as beliefs about how well they will do on upcoming tasks, either in the immediate or future

self handicapping

use of failure avoidance strategies such as not trying in school or putting off studying until the last minute so that the circumstances, rather than the lack of ability, will be seen as the cause of low-level performance

what are potential negative effects of working while in college?

• drop in grades

  • working more than 35+ hours showed an 48% negative influence on grades

• limits opportunities

career self-concept theory

Super’s theory that an individual’s self-concept plays a central role in his or her career choices and that adolescence individuals first construct their career self-concept

14-18 years old

• first phase of Super’s CSCT

• crystallization

• adolescents develop ideas about work that mesh with their already existing global self-concept

18-22

• second phase of Super’s CSCT

• specification

• narrow their career choices and initiate behavior that enables the to enter some type of career

22-24

• third stage of Super’s CSCT

• implementation

• complete education/ training and enter the workforce

25-35

• fourth stage of Super’s CSCT

• stabilization

• make a decision about a specific career about learn the area/profession

after 35

• final stage of Super’s CSCT

• consolidation

• seek to advance their careers and reach highest status positions

Personality type theory

• Holland’s theory that an effort should
  be made to match an individual’s career choice with his or her
  personality.

  • Six basic personality types should be considered:

    • Realistic

      • Physically strong, deal in practical ways with problems

    • Investigative

      • Conceptually and theoretically oriented

    • Social

      • Often have excellent verbal and interpersonal skills

    • Conventional

      • Have a distaste for unstructured activities. They like working with numbers and
        records in an orderly and structured way

    • Enterprising

      • Use their verbal abilities to lead others and sell people on products or issues

    • Artistic

      • Prefer to interact with the world through artistic expression

what types of jobs are adolescents likely to work?

• restaurants employ about 21% of working U.S. 12th graders.

• 23% work in retail stores

how many hours are U.S. students typically working?

• 10 - 20 hours per week

formal mentoring

• a structured and initial process where a mentor and mentee are matched based on specific criteria, such as skills, interests, or career paths, with a formal program

informal mentoring

• a naturally occurring, unstructured relationship where one person guides and supports the other

ethnocentrism

• the tendency to favor one’s own group over other groups

socioeconomic status

• a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

two-generation interventions aimed at reducing poverty in children and parents

1. providing services for children: educational childcare, preschool education, or after-school programs

2. providing services for parents: adult education, literacy training, and job skills training

feminization of poverty

• more women live in poverty than men

two disadvantages many ethnic minority adolescents experience

1. prejudice, discrimination, and bias because of their ethnic minority status

2. the stressful effects of poverty

what was the first school shooting in the U.S. ?

Pontiac Rebellion School Massacre

• 10/13 children enrolled died

Sandy Hook Promise

• EACH DAY 8 children in America die form gun violence

• guns are the leading cause of death in children and teens

• firearm deaths occur 3X more than drowning deaths

• 4/5 someone has knowledge of attack but failed to report it

• 68% of gun related incidents at schools were taken from the home

• 77% of attackers spent a week or more planning the attack

• in almost every documented school shooting, warning signs were given

• majority of individuals diagnosed with mental illness do not engage in violence with others

• 70% of people who die by suicide tell someone their plans or give warning signs

• 39% wrongly believe children don’t know where guns are stored

• 17 states have enacted Extreme Risk Laws

how many shootings have occurred since 1970?

• 1,316

Extreme Risk Laws

• allows loved ones or law enforcement to intervene by petitioning a
  court for an order to prevent someone in crisis from accessing guns

Three categories of school shooters

1. psychopathic

2. traumatized

3. psychotic