Chapter 12 Nervous system

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146 Terms

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the nervous system contains

neurons and neuroglia

<p>neurons and neuroglia </p>
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neurons

intercellular communication

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<p>Neuroglia </p>

Neuroglia

essentials survival functions of neurons

preserve structure of nervous tissue

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The brain and spinal cord consist of

nervous tissue connective tissue and blood vessels

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The brain and spinal cord receive sensory information’s from

inside and outside body

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<p>The brain and spinal cord functions to </p>

The brain and spinal cord functions to

process and coordinate sensory data

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Brain spinal cord generates more commands to

control actives of peripheral organs (ex: skeletal muscles, glands, viscera)

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Higher functions of the brain include

intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion.

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The Peripheral nervous system includes all nervous tissue outside the

CNS, and ENS

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Where does the Peripheral nervous system deliver sensory information to

the Central Nervous System

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Where does the Peripheral Nervous System carries motor commands to

peripheral tissue

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Bundles of axons with

connective tissues and blood vessels

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Carry sensory

information and motor commands

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How many sensory Cranial Nerves connect to the brain

12 pairs

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How many spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord

31 pairs

<p>31 pairs </p>
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<p>Afferent division </p>

Afferent division

carries sensory information

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Afferent division carry receptors in the

peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS

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Efferent division

carries motor commands

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<p>Efferent division from </p>

Efferent division from

CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

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Divisions of the Nervous System are functional divisions of the

PNS

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Receptors detect

changes respond to the stimuli

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Receptors can be

neurons and specialized

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Receptors may be

single cells or complex sensory organs (EG: eyes, ears)

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Effectors target

organs that respond to motor commands

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Examples of Effectors

skeletal, muscles, glands, viscera

<p>skeletal, muscles, glands, viscera</p>
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Efferent divisions of

PNS

<p>PNS</p>
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Somatic nervous system controls

skeletal muscle contractions

<p>skeletal muscle contractions</p>
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Somatic nervous system can be both

voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)

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What do Automatic nervous system control

subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions

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Sympathetic division

has stimulating effect (fight or flight response)

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<p>Parasympathetic </p>

Parasympathetic

division has relaxing effect (rest and digest)

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<p>Nervous System </p>

Nervous System

helps control the digestive system

<p>helps control the digestive system </p>
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What does the nervous system use, and which system is it common in

neurotransmitter common in the CNS

<p>neurotransmitter common in the CNS</p>
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What else controls the Nervous System

the Autonomic nervous system

<p>the Autonomic nervous system </p>
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The basic functional units of the nervous system

Neurons

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Send and receive signals

Neurons

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Neurons generate

nerve impulses (also named action potential)

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What are the function in the Neurons

communications, information processing, and control

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<p>Cell Body (Soma)</p>

Cell Body (Soma)

Large nucleus and nucleolus

<p>Large nucleus and nucleolus </p>
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<p>Perikaryon </p>

Perikaryon

the cytoplasm

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Mitochondria

produce energy, ATP

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Synthesis proteins

R.E.R and ribosomes

<p>R.E.R and ribosomes </p>
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Short and highly branched processes extending from cell body.

Dendrites

<p>Dendrites </p>
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Dendric cells are made of

Dendritic spines

<p>Dendritic spines </p>
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<p>Dendrites receive information from other </p>

Dendrites receive information from other

neurons Afferent signal

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What percent is the neuron surface area

80-90 percent

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Single, long cytoplasmic process

Axon

<p>Axon </p>
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Axon propagates

electrical signals making them (Action Potentials)

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<p>Cytoplasm of the axon </p>

Cytoplasm of the axon

Axoplasm

<p>Axoplasm </p>
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Axoplasm contains

neurofibrils, neurotubles, enzymes and organelles

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<p>Dense areas of RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) and ribosomes in perikaryon </p>

Dense areas of RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) and ribosomes in perikaryon

Nissel bodies

<p>Nissel bodies </p>
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<p>Nissel bodies make nervous tissue appear in </p>

Nissel bodies make nervous tissue appear in

gray matter

<p>gray matter </p>
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Neurofilaments and neurotubules are similar to

filament and microtubules

<p>filament and microtubules </p>
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Bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

Neurofibrils

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Plasma membrane of the axon

Axolemma

<p>Axolemma </p>
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What covers does the Axolemma cover

the axoplasm

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base of axon

Initial segment

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thick region that attaches initial segment to cell body

Axon hillock

<p>Axon hillock </p>
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–Which is the direction of the action potential (nerve impulse or electrical signal)?

A) Cell body>>>axon>>>Telodendria>>>>>axon terminal>>>Other cells

<p>A) Cell body&gt;&gt;&gt;axon&gt;&gt;&gt;Telodendria&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;axon terminal&gt;&gt;&gt;Other cells</p>
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<p>The structures of an Axon are </p>

The structures of an Axon are

Collaterals, Telodendria, and Axton terminals

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Collaterals

branches of the axon

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<p>telodendria </p>

telodendria

fine extensions of distal axon

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axon terminals (synaptic terminals)

tips of telodendria

<p>tips of telodendria </p>
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cell body and axon terminals

movement of materials

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materials move along

neurotubles within axon

<p>neurotubles within axon </p>
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powered by

mitochondria, kinesin, and dynein

<p>mitochondria, kinesin, and dynein </p>
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<p>Anterograde transport</p>

Anterograde transport

transport from the cell body to the terminal axon

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<p>Retrograde transport </p>

Retrograde transport

rabies virus, varicella zoster

<p>rabies virus, varicella zoster </p>
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<p>Anaxonic neuron </p>

Anaxonic neuron

in brain and special senses

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<p>Bipolar neuron</p>

Bipolar neuron

found in special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing)

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<p>Unipolar neuron </p>

Unipolar neuron

most sensory neurons of PNS; Sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia)

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<p>Multipolar neuron </p>

Multipolar neuron

Common in the CNS all motor neurons that control skeletal muscles

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Small, All cell processes look similar, found in brain and special sense organs

Anaxonic neurons

<p>Anaxonic neurons </p>
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small and rare. one dendrite and one axon. found in special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing)

Bipolar neurons

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Axon and dendrites are fused

Unipolar neurons (pseudo unipolar neurons)

<p>Unipolar neurons (pseudo unipolar neurons)</p>
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Cell body to

one side

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Most sensory neurons of

PNS

<p>PNS</p>
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Sensory ganglia

(dorsal root ganglia)

<p>(dorsal root ganglia) </p>
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<p>Multipolar neurons </p>

Multipolar neurons

have one long axon and two or more dendrites

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<p>Multipolar neurons are common in the </p>

Multipolar neurons are common in the

CNS (Central Nervous System)

<p>CNS (Central Nervous System) </p>
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All motor neurons that control

skeletal muscles

<p>skeletal muscles </p>
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<p>Sensory neurons </p>

Sensory neurons

receive information

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Motor neurons

send motor command to effectors

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Interneurons

in between sensatory and motor neurons

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Sensory neurons

afferent neurons

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Sensory neurons can be

unipolar

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Cell bodies are grouped in the

sensory ganglia

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Sensory neurons processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to the

CNS (central nervous system)

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Monitor external environment

Somatic sensory neurons

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Visceral sensory neurons

Monitor internal environment

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What are the types of sensory receptors

Interoceptors, Exteroceptors, and Proprioceptors

<p>Interoceptors, Exteroceptors, and Proprioceptors </p>
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Interoceptors

Monitor internal systems (EG digestive, urinary)

<p>Monitor internal systems (EG digestive, urinary) </p>
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<p>Exteroceptors </p>

Exteroceptors

monitor external environment (e.g. temperature)

Complex senses (e.g. sight smell, hearing

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Monitor position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

Proprioceptors

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Carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors.

multiple neurons.

Via efferent fibers (axons)

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

<p>Motor neurons (efferent neurons) </p>
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Somatic motor neurons of the SNS

innervate skeletal muscles

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<p>ANS (automatic Nervous System)</p>

ANS (automatic Nervous System)

Visceral motor neurons