Studied by 14 peopleNavigation Acts
Any goods being shipped to Britain or colonies had to be shipped using British Vessels, weakening the Dutch Dominance.
War of Spanish Succession
[1701-1714] War between France and the rest of Europe over Spain's successor, ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, henceforth ruled by Bourbons
Dutch East India Company
[1602] A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British
British East India Company
Competition to the Dutch, in the Indian Ocean trade. Colonization of India and giving them immense wealth.
War of Austrian Succession
[1740-1748] Conflict concerning the successor to the Austrian throne, which pivoted France and Britain against one another, ended in stalemate
War of 1st Coalition (1792-1797)
Formed in response to the French Revolution and aimed at containing revolutionary France. It consisted mainly of Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, and several other European powers. This coalition was largely unsuccessful in defeating France
2nd Coalition (1798-1802)
Formed after Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign and aimed at countering French expansionism. It included Britain, Austria, Russia, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire. Napoleon's victories at Marengo and Hohenlinden led to the collapse of the coalition
Seven Years War
[1754-1763] It resulted in significant territorial changes and set stage for future conflicts. Demonstrated the importance of naval power
Treaty of Paris
Ended the Seven Years' War; it marked British dominance overseas after they gained control over territories previously controlled by France
Colonialism
Policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world
Consequence of Seven Years War
Britain became severely in debt; harshly taxing their colonies. “Taxation without representation” → American Revolution
Causes of French Revolution
Economic Crisis: Louis XIV’s consist warfare.
Imbalance of the estates general: Louis XVI called estates general however each estate had one vote (first and second voted the same 3% vs 97%)
Paris Commune
A seizure of power by a popularly-led government that ruled Paris for three months
Cahier de Doleances
Ordered by King Louis XVI and provided criticism to the First State from the Third Estate; Government waste, indirect taxes, church corruption, and hunting rights.
National Assembly
A group of Third Estate delegates that broke ties with the Estates General. Wanted to vote by a head count rather than by estate. Drafted a constitution for France at the Oath of the Tennis court. Marked the first stage of the revolution.
Tennis Court Oath
Pledge taken by members of France's National Assembly in 1789 where they vowed not to disband until they had written a new constitution for France.
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law. It supported the "natural rights" of men: life, liberty, security, and resistance to oppression.
Abbey Sieyès (Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès)
"What is the Third Estate?": A political pamphlet written by Sieyes in 1789 that advocated for greater representation for common people in France.
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government where monarchs are guided by a constitution that limits their powers.
Storming of Bastille
Occurred shortly after the Tennis Court Oath when Parisians stormed the Bastille prison, marking a significant escalation in violence during the French Revolution; raided for gunpowder and weapons
October March (Women’s March in Versailles)
On 5 October 1789, crowds of Parisian market women marched on Versailles, demanding reforms. They demanded that they get bread for their families and that King Louis XVI return to Paris.
Louis XVI
Last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He reigned from 1774 until 1792, Executed
Marie Antoinette
Austrian-born queen consort of France as wife of Louis XVI. She became a symbol for the excesses of the monarchy and is often credited with exacerbating their unpopularity. Wasted limited French money to pay for her luxurious lifestyle and outrageous fashion. Executed
Liberal Phase
Established constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges. Categorized by enlightenment ideas, mostly nonviolent. [1789-1791]
Jacobins
A radical political group; advocating for the abolition of monarchy and establishing a republic. Responsible for dissolving the National Convention → Becoming committee of public safety
Maximilien Robespierre
San-culottes
Lower class individuals, "without knee-breeches,” motivated by economic grievances and a desire for political change. Similar views to the Jacobins but less extreme.
Radical Phase
Reign of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre. Paranoia that surrounding conservative states might invade France, suspicion from Old French order loyalists.
Committee of Public Safety
Led by Robespierre himself and was devoted to eliminating potential conspirators. Spies and secret police kept a close watch on French citizens. An estimated 40,000 people were executed for “suspected insurrection” in total; the height of the executions was even called the Great Terror.
The Thermidorian Reaction
A revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It led to the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and marked an end to radical Jacobin rule.
Maximilien Robespierre
A French lawyer and statesman who became one of the most influential figures during the French Revolution. He is best known for his role in arranging executions during the Reign of Terror.
Influence of French Revolution
Haiti Independence and Louisiana purchase in attempt to give France money
Napoleon Bonaparte
A French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution. He became the first emperor of France, his legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide.
First French Empire (Napoleonic France)
The empire over which Napoleon ruled from 1804 to 1814 (and briefly in 1815).
Consulate
The government formed after Napoleon's coup d'etat which ended French revolution. Napoleon and Sieyes intimidated the government into creating yet another new constitution. This one, however, made Napoleon effectively the dictator of France under the title of First Consul.
First Consul
The title assumed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 after the fall of the Directory government in France. It marked his rise to power and was a step towards his later self-declaration as Emperor
Religious Reform
Reinstated the Christian calendar and restored the Catholic Church to its former glory
Concordat of 1801
An agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII that reestablished relations between France and the Roman Catholic Church after years of disruption caused by the French Revolution. This agreement recognized the Catholic Church as the official religion of France while also granting the state some control over the Church.
Bank of France
Established on January 18th, 1800. It issued bank notes payable to bearer in exchange for discounted commercial bills. The bank encountered many difficulties, including a government finance crisis and a decrease in gold reserves, that caused Bonaparte to give the government more control over this bank
Lycee System
Education further to support the future bureaucrats
Continental System
Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy
Napoleonic Code
A civil law code established in 1804. Made everyone equal in the eyes of the law, separated the Church and the state, guaranteed civil liberties, and ensured freedom of religion. As it made provisions to marriage and divorce, stripped feminist rights
Montesquieu
Separation of powers, constitutional monarchy, and a liberal government
De-Christianization
De-influences the Catholic Church because it allowing it would bring about counter-revolution and bring the old regime back. Bringing about a new calendar too (Republican)
Suppression
Napoleon’s secret police force, responsible for monitoring and suppressing political dissent.
Strict censorship laws to control the flow of information and prevent the spread of ideas threatening to his regime. The government controlled the press and censorship that eliminated criticism of the government or the military. Books, newspapers, and other publications were heavily censored, and those deemed critical of the government were banned
Success of Napoleon’s empire
Spread the Revolutionary Ideas across Europe
Grand Empire consisted of France and surrounding conquered lands “direct control,” independent kingdoms that Napoleon installed his family members in, and allied nations such as Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Hundred Days’ War
Conflict between Napoleon Bonaparte and European powers after his return from exile. Ended with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
Third Coalition (1803-1806)
Formed after Napoleon's proclamation as Emperor of the French and aimed at stopping French dominance in Europe. Its major members were Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Naples. The coalition was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805
Fourth Coalition (1806-1807)
Formed by Prussia and Russia after their defeat in the War of the Third Coalition. Britain was also a significant participant. It ended with Napoleon's decisive victory at the Battle of Friedland in 1807, leading to the Treaties of Tilsit
Fifth Coalition (1809)
Formed primarily by Austria and Britain after the Treaty of Tilsit. Austria sought to regain territories lost in previous conflicts. This coalition was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram
Sixth Coalition (1812-1814)
Formed after Napoleon's invasion of Russia and comprised Russia, Prussia, Britain, Sweden, Austria, and several other European powers. It led to Napoleon's defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition, culminating in his abdication and exile to Elba
SEVENTH COALITION (1815*)
Formed after Napoleon's escape from Elba and return to power during the Hundred Days. It included Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and other European powers. The coalition defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, leading to his final abdication and exile to Saint Helena.
Congress Of Vienna (1815)
BALANCE OF POWER. Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain, that met to conduct important work; they believed that no one state should be allowed to control all of Europe.
Minister Klemens von Metternich
Wanted to restore the balance of power, make Europe Peaceful, restore old monarchs, and compensate the allies for their lost.
Age of Metternich → 50 years of peace (concert of Europe)
Battle of Waterloo
A battle fought on June 18th ,1815 near Waterloo in Belgium where British forces under Wellington and Prussian forces under Blücher defeated Napoleon's forces, marking the end of his reign. Exiling Napoleon to St Helens for the rest of his days
Napoleonic Wars
These were a series of wars declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. The wars led to significant changes in European politics, which had to be addressed at the Congress of Vienna.
Romanticism
A movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
Liberalism
Principle ideas were liberty & equality; demanded representative government, individual freedoms, universal voting rights, equality before the law, unrestricted private enterprise & no government interference in the economy (laissez-faire). strongly identified with middle class
Nationalism
A relatively modern idea that each people has its own genius & its own specific unity, manifested in common language, common history, common religion, can lead to desire for an independent nation-state.
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