english language paper 1 AO1

english language a level

lexis

words and vocab

semantics

meaning of words

grammar

rules that make it make sense

phonetics and phonology

how words sound

pragmatics

sound

discourse

what type of writing

graphology

how it looks

proper noun

name for an individual person, place or organisation

concrete noun

something you can physically touch or see

abstract noun

denotes an idea, quality or state

pronoun

replaces a noun

singular pronoun

i

plural pronoun

we

interrogative pronoun

which, what

demonstrative pronoun

this, that

possessive pronoun

my, mine

reflexive pronoun

myself, yourself

reciprocal pronoun

each other

relative pronoun

that, which

definite article

the

indefinite article

a, an

cardinals

one, two

ordinals

first, second

quantifier

few, many, enough

demonstrative determiner

this, that, these (require a noun)

primary auxiliary

be, have, do

deontic modals

requesting, permission

e.g. you may, you must

epistemic modals

express a speakers opinion about a statement

e.g. he might be at home. i’m not sure

time adverb

tomorrow

manner adverb

aggressively

place adverb

here

duration adverb

forever

frequency adverb

sometimes

degree adverb

completely

preposition

preceding a noun or pronoun

coordinating conjunction

and, but

subordinating conjunction

although

corrective conjunction

either

adjective

give information about a noun

premodifying adjective

the sudden noise

postmodifying adjective

english is brilliant

base

great

comparative

greater

superlative

greatest

verb

to be

main verb

identify action of sentence

shopping

auxiliary verb

go before main verb

have, been

primary auxiliary

do, have, be

modal auxiliary

can, could, will

dynamic verb

action

walk

stative verb

state of being

love, hate

simple sentence

one independent clause

compound sentence

two independent clauses

complex sentence

one independent clause and subordinate clause

compound complex sentence

more than one independent clauses and one subordinate clause

noun phrase

noun and modifiers

verb phrase

verb and modifiers

present participle

being

past participle

been

present continuous

I am

past continuous

I was

future continuous

I will be

present perfect

I have

past perfect

I had

future perfect

I will have

present perfect continuous

I have been

past perfect continuous

I had been

future perfect continuous

I will have been

active voice

subject verb object

passive voice

object verb subject

parataxis

clauses one after another without a conjunction

e.g. i came, i saw, i conquered

hypotaxis

subordination of one clause to another

e.g. because i came, i saw, then i conquered

antanaclasis

one polysemic word repeated twice in contrasting senses

e.g. the argument is sound… nothing but sound

polysemy

a word with multiple meanings

e.g. text

diacope

the same word separated by another

e.g. run, forrest, run

tmesis

a word or phrase divided into multiple parts with another in between parts

e.g. un-freaking-believable

hyponym

a word that is a specific part within a category

e.g. red within colours

hypernym

a word that is a category for more specific words

e.g. colour for red

negation prefix

opposite

e.g. un-, anti-, non-

extent prefix

over-, under-

time prefix

pre-, post-

minor sentence

a sentence that cannot stand alone

e.g. truly

conditional sentence

one thing is contingent on something else

e.g. if

adjacency pairing

when a speaker’s utterance requires a response in turn-taking

intensifier

emphasises something, used to strengthen adjectives or adverbs

e.g. really, very

qualifier

expresses quality, extent

e.g. quite, fairly

discourse marker

manages flow and structure

e.g. like, you know

interpolation

remark interjected into convo

unmarked term

default term

e.g. actor

marked term

suffixes to change meaning, make fem

e.g. actress

indirect command

wh- imperative

e.g. why don’t you…

indefinite pronoun

non-specific thing

e.g. anybody, someone

anaphora

repetition if a word or phrase at beginning of sentence

e.g. it was the… it was the… it was the…

relative clause

dependent clause that provides extra info about a noun in main clause

e.g. this is the house where i grew up

hyperbole

exaggeration for comedic effect

e.g. this taco is hotter than the sun

asyndetic listing

no conjunctions between items

polysyndetic listing

repeated conjunction

syndetic listing

conjunctions

epizeuxis

same word or phrase repeated in succession in the same sentence/line

dipthong

vowel sound that is the combination of 2 separate sounds