the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
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recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
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relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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encoding
the processing of getting information into the memory system
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storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
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retreival
the process of getting information out of memory storage
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parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
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sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
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long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
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automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
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echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
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shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
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deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention