AP human geography unit 2 vocab

ap human geography unit 2 vocab study ap human geography notes

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land

Arithmetic Density(crude)

The total number of people divided by the total land area, usually in square miles or km

Census

A complete enumeration/count of a population

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth rates and death rates to an opposing condition resulting in low rates of population growth

Demography

a term derived from greek words, demos, meaning population or people, and graphe, meaning to describe.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

doubling rate

The length of time needed to double the population

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Epidemiological Transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Infant Mortality Rates

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Overpopulation

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. This measures the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and gender

Sex Ratio

The number of men per 100 women in the population

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Zero Population Growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where natural increase rate equals zero

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being reorganized as a refugee

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Emigration

Migration from a location

Forced migration

Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors, or a natural disaster

Guest Worker

A term once used for a migrant who moved to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern/Eastern Europe or North Africa, for higher paying jobs

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country

Internally Displaced Person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for political reasons similar, to a refugee, but has not migrated across an international border

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from region of a country to another

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country

Migration

Movement of people from one location to another

Net Migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

Pull Factor

A factor that induces people to move to a new location

Push Factor

A factor that induces people to leave old residences

Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Unauthorized Immigrants

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice

Distribution

The arrangement of locations on Earth's surface where people live.

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis. Related to sustainability.

race

a category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits

Ethnicity

less based on physical traits, and emphasizes a shared cultural heritage

Distance Decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

intervening opportunity

the fact that many who set out to move a long distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations

step migration

Long-distance migration done in stages.

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.