Studied by 8 people
Norms
Rules on what is expected in a given situation.
Types of Social Norms
Folkways, Mores, Taboos
Folkways
Lightly held norms. Not a big deal if you break them.
Mores
More strongly held norms. Breaking is a bigger deal.
Taboos
Most strongly held norms. Laws against such action.
Folkway Example
You should wear matching socks.
More Example
Adults playing naked on the front lawn.
Taboo Example
Having sex with a family member (incest). Having sex with a dead person (Necrophilia).
Types of Pick Up Lines
Friendly, Offbeat, Humorous, Altar, Seductive.
Friendly Pick Up Line Example
"Would you mind some conversation while we wait?"
Offbeat Pick Up Line Example
"Do you think we are ever going to switch to the metric system?"
Humorous Pick Up Line Example
"So what's a nice girl like you doing in an elevator like this?"
Altar Pick Up Line Example
"You look just like my 3rd husband." (only had 2!)
Seductive Pick Up Line Example
"You are the sexiest woman in the room."
SEMCDR Model
Source, Encoder, Message, Channel, Decoder, Receiver.
Source
The person with the thought/idea to communicate.
Encoder
Takes the thought/idea and puts it into some form that people can understand.
Message
Code-any system of symbols by which we communicate. Must be shared to be understood. (language)
Content
What is being communicated. (the general idea)
Treatment-
how you say what you say. (non-verbal things like tone and volume)
Double Bind
When the content and treatment of a message clash. (We tend to listen to the treatment in these cases)
Channel
The medium used to get a message from source to receiver. (face to face, TV, etc.)
Receiver
Person who receives the message being sent.
Feedback
The receiver becoming the source.
Circular Model
Model in which there is a constant change of source and and reciever. Feedback is involved.
Linear Model
Can only define communication that is one way. (SEMCDR Model)
Noise
Interferes with the nessage being sent. Interferes with the fidelity of the message.
Types of Noise
Internal Noise- noise that is going on within you. (cannot be externally removed)
External Noise
originates from the outside world.
Examples of Internal Noise
Hunger, sickness, distractions
Examples of External Noise
Jackhammer outside, 100 degrees in classroom, hot person sitting next to you.
Types of Fidelity
High Fidelity Message-messgae getting through without distortion. (Noise)
Low Fidelity Message
High Fidelity Message Example
Face to face.
Low Fidelity Message Example
TV with a lot of static.
Systems of Communication
Intrapersonal, Interparsonal, Small Group, Mass
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication with one's self.
Interpersonal Communicaion
Communication between 2 people.
Small Group Communicaion
If you know the other members by name or sight and can recognize when one member is missing or when a new person is there.
Mass Communication
Big group where there is too many people to know by sight. (often linear form of communication)
Intrapersonal Communication Example
Thoughts, feelings.
Interpersonal Communication Example
Sitting across a table talking on a date.
Small Group Communication Example
Basketball team meeting in person.
Mass Communication Example
Lecture in college.
Mediation
Something inanimate coming in between the source and the receiver.
Non Mediated Intrapersonal Example
You thinking your own thoughts.
Mediated Intrapersonal Example
Writing yourself a note, keeping a diary.
Non Mediated Interpersonal Example
Speaking to someone face to face.
Mediated Interpersonal Example
Talking on the phone, writing a letter, sending a text.
Non Mediated Small Group Example
A study group in which everyone sits around a table talking face to face.
Mediated Small Group Example
A business meeting using google dox.
Non Mediated Mass Example
aka. Public Communication. One person talking to a large group without a medium.
Mediated Mass Example
Giving a lecture using a microphone.
Example of all 4 systems of Communication
Painting- paint for yourself, then show it to you friend, then show it to your art class, then take it to a museam.
Perception
Two people can see the same thing yet have totally different interpretations of it.
Stages of Perception
Reception, Analysis
Reception
The operation of our senses. Relatively automatic.
Analysis
Active stage of perception. Includes focusing, organizing, and interpreting.
Analysis of Example
You see 5 billion stimuli. Your brain can only process 500. Therefore we must select what to focus upon. Those 500 vary from person to person which explains how different people have different perceptions.
Stages of Selection
Factors relating to objects /stimuli
Factors within ourselves
Selection Factors Relating to Objects
Ease, Intensity, Contrast, Repetition
Ease
We select what is closest to us, what sticks out.
Intensity
We select things that exist in extreme. We notice that which is loud, bright, etc.
Contrast
We select things because they are different.
Repetition
We select that which is we see/hear over and over.
Ease Example
You pay attention to an elephant in class.
Intensity Example
You pay attention to a siren.
Contrast Example
You pay attention to Pringles at the store because they are in a can and not a bag.
Repetition Example
You pay attention to commercial slogans that you hear many times.
Selection Factors Within Ourselves
MMARSCLPP
Motivation, Mood, Attitudes,Roles, Selective Attention, Culture, Language, Past Learning Experiences, Psychological Tendencies
Past Learning Experiences Selection Example
Man cheated on woman, now she thinks all men are untrustworthy.
Culture Selection Example
Flash 2 images, one in each eye. A baseball player and a bull fighter. Over 90% of people in Mexico saw the bull fighter. Over 90% of people in America saw the baseball player.
Language Selection Example
In Arabic there are two words for color- hot and cool. In English there are many words for color.
The "Sapir-Whorf" Hypothesis
The idea that language alters our perception of reality.
Motivation Selection Example
You are more likely to see an advertisement for food when you are hungry.
Sources of Steryotypes
Your culture, your family, your own past learning experiences, the mass media
Negative Twist
A positive steryotype with a ______. Example- we admire athletes BUT they are just dumb jocks.
Roles Selection Example
Each focuses on a different thing in the park based on their occupation. A zoologist, a psychologist, and a pick pocket.
Mood Selection Example
Study with people in different moods. All shown picture of kids digging in the mud. Happy sees kids having fun. Anxious worries that someone is going to get hurt and that no adult is watching them. Etc.
Attitudes Selection Example
The referee is always unfair to your team. Why? Because you are favorably predisposed toward your own team.
Types of Psychological Tendencies
Selective Exposure, Selective Attention, Selective Retention
Selective Exposure
Tendency to expose yourself to messages that agree with your beliefs and values.
Selective Attention
Tendency to pay more attention to the part of the message that is consistent with your beliefs and tune out the ones that counter it.
Selective Retention
Tendency, if you have listened to all parts of the message and are later asked what was said, you are more likely to be able to tell people those parts of the message that you agreed with.
Counter Tendency
Paying attention to opinions counter to yours to make yourself feel superior.
Selective Exposure Example
An athiest is not likely to go to church.
Selective Attention Example
Obama talks about economics and you listen because you agree. He then talks about the war and you tune him out because you don't agree.
Selective Retention Example
When asked about Obamas speech last night you tell your friend how he talked about economics and not about the war because you agree with his stance on economics but not the war.
The Self Concept
A relatively stable set of perceptions that you have about yourself.
3 Aspects of the Self Concept
Self Identity, Self Image, Self Esteem
Self Identity
The social positions that you occupy. Who you are in relation to other people.
Self Image
Refers to the qualities/skills/characteristics that you think you have.
Self Esteem
Refers to how you feel about yourself emotionally. How you rank yourself in terms of self identity and self image.
Self Identity Example
He is a student,a friend, a son.
Self Image Example
She considers herself to be kind, intelligent, attractive, a good pool player.
The Looking Glass Self Theory
Other people function as a mirror. Based upon the concept of role taking-where you put yourself in someone elses position.
Stages in the Development of the Self
you imagine how your actions appear to others (in basketball-how is your shooting)
you imagine how other people are judging these actions (this person is a good basketball player/athlete)
you make some type of self judgement based upon how you think others are judging you (I am a good basketball player)
***problem-in this process what you think others are thinking is more important than what they acutally are in this model (anorexia)
The Interpersonal Imperative
3 Basic Social Needs:
The need for inclusion
The need for control
The need for affection
The Need for Inclusion Extremes
Oversocial- joining every club in high school
Undersocial- people who don't want to belong to anything
Healthy- join a few groups that apply to you
The Need for Control Extremes
Autocrats- people with too much control
Abdicrats- people who have too little of the control need
Healthy- democrat
The Need for Affection Extremes
Overpersonal- too much of the affection need
Underpersonal- people who don't want to be touched
Healthy- personal
Note 
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