Video Notes: Brief History of Vaccination, Immunization Strategies, and Pharmacist Roles

Flashcards covering the major topics from the video notes: history of vaccination (variolation and Jenner), polio vaccines (Salk, Cutter Incident, Sabin), immunization collaboration (Immunization Neighborhood), and pharmacist roles in patient care.

How did vaccination begin according to the notes?

It started with smallpox and the practice of variolation, where a small amount of smallpox material was introduced into the skin to induce immunity.

What is variolation as described in the notes?

Grind smallpox, puncture the skin, and introduce a small amount into the skin to create a mild infection and immunity.

What observation led Edward Jenner to develop the smallpox vaccine?

Milkmaids with cowpox on their hands did not get smallpox, suggesting cowpox and smallpox were related.

Who used cowpox as a vaccine and proved it worked?

Edward Jenner.

What is noted about smallpox in the notes regarding transmission and eradication?

Humans are the only carriers of smallpox, and the disease has been eradicated globally.

How is polio transmitted according to the notes?

Via the fecal-oral route (poop to mouth/nose).

Which U.S. president contracted polio in 1921 and became an advocate for polio awareness?

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR).

In what year did the U.S. switch back to the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)?

2000.

Who developed the inactivated polio vaccine and when was it declared effective?

Jonas Salk; April 12, 1955.

What was the Cotter (Cutter) Lab Incident?

A disaster where vaccine batches contained live polio due to not following instructions, causing polio cases and eroding public trust.

Which vaccine did Albert Sabin develop?

Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).

What were some advantages of the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) mentioned in the notes?

Tasted good, worked fast, and was more convenient.

What is the Immunization Neighborhood?

A collaboration, coordination, and communication network among immunization stakeholders to meet patient immunization needs and protect the community; pharmacists are part of it.

What are examples of collaboration within the Immunization Neighborhood?

Collaborating with pediatricians for well-child visits (PREP Act) and multi-dose series vaccinations; medical providers refer patients to pharmacists for additional doses to complete a series.

What is the effect of reversion in the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)?

Weakened vaccine can mutate and regain virulence of the wild-type virus.

What is the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process designed to do?

Provide consistency for patients and health care providers across all pharmacist-delivered patient care services.

What factors are associated with low vaccination rates among adults? (patient factors)

No regular health care providers, inconvenient access, underinsured, distrust of healthcare/government, misinformation.

What factors are associated with low vaccination rates among adults? (provider factors)

Poor preventive services, lack of provider recommendation, lack of effective reminders.

What factors are associated with low vaccination rates among adults? (system factors)

Fewer vaccination requirements (e.g., by employers), state regulations vary, complex adult vaccine schedule.