AP HUG CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

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Agriculture

Agriculture

the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.

Climate regions

areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors. Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar.

Mediterranean agriculture

consists of growing hardy trees (such as olive, fruit, and nut trees) and shrubs (like grape vines) and raising sheep and goats.

subsistence agriculture

Growing and raising a diverse range of crops and livestock for their family's consumption.

commercial agriculture

Grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers, who buy these goods in a form of agriculture

intensive agriculture

farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

bid-rent theory

explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land—either intensively or extensively

clustered settlement

The most common form of settlement is (also known as a nucleated settlement), in which residents live in close proximity.

dispersed settlements

houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area.

linear settlement pattern

houses and buildings extend in a long line that usually follows a land feature, such as a riverfront, coast, or hill, or aligns along a transportation route.

Monocropping

the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally—commonly corn, soybeans, wheat, or cotton.

monoculture

refers to the agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually.

Plantation agriculture

involves large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation.

crop rotation

the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil

Market gardening

farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market, or urban area,

Mixed crop and livestock systems

both crops and livestock are raised for profit.

Extensive Agriculture

a form of agriculture with low effort and investment that have lower outputs.

Shifting cultivation

the practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated.

Slash and burn

a type of shifting cultivation—to maintain the land. They clear the land by cutting down the trees and brush, and after the vegetation dries, burning this "slash," resulting in a nutrient-rich ash fertilizer

Nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism

People who practice this type of agriculture move their animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing. It requires far-reaching areas of land to prevent overgrazing—the destruction of feed plants that results from livestock overpopulation or overfeeding.

Transhumance

the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter.

Domestication

the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands, and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

Foragers

small nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein.

agricultural hearth

Each area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals is called an

Fertile Crescent

forms an arc from the eastern Mediterranean coast up into what is now western Turkey and then south and east along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through present-day Syria and Iraq to western parts of modern Iran. The people of this region grew wheat, barley, rye, and legumes (peas or beans) and domesticated sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

The first agricultural revolution

occurred about 11,000 years ago and lasted for several thousand more, was the shift from foraging—or searching for food—to farming, which marked the beginning of agriculture.

growing season

the length of the year during which plant

life can grow.

temperate zones

large bands between the tropics and the frigid polar circles that have hot summers, cold or cool winters, and transitional springs and autumns.

temperate climates,

climates with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts.

second agricultural revolution

began in Britain and the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and diffused from those regions; saw dramatic improvements in crop yields, innovations like more effective yokes for oxen, and later the replacement of oxen by horses, as well as advancements in fertilizers and field drainage systems.

enclosure system

communal lands—lands owned by a community rather than by an individual—were replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner.

third agricultural revolution

began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day. It features further mechanization and the development of new technology, changes brought about by scientific and technological advances outside agriculture.

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

applied advances in scientific understanding to manipulate the genetic makeup of plants and animals

green revolution

scientists used increased knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops, particularly wheat and rice

dual agricultural economy

two agricultural sectors in the same country or region that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand

agribusiness

the large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment

hybrid

different varieties of plants are bred to enhance desired characteristics and improve disease resistance

Vertical integration

when a company controls more than one stage of the production process

commodity chain

complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers

farm subsidies

U.S. federal government providing low-cost loans, insurance, and payments to farmers/agribusinesses to support their income

tariffs

tax or duty to be paid on a particular import or export

Von Thünen model

hypothesizes that perishability of the product and transportation costs to the market each factor into a farmer's decisions regarding agricultural practices

Global supply chains

commodity chains but on a global scale, enable the delivery of a product between two different countries

cash crop

a crop that is produced for its commercial value; single export for poorer countries

fair trade movement

global campaign to fix unfair wage practices and protect the ability of farmers to earn a living

Agricultural landscapes

landscapes resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location's natural environment

agroecosystem

an ecosystem modified for agricultural use

deforestation

loss of forested land

soil erosion

wearing away of topsoil from rain/wind

terracing

the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level growing plots

reservoirs

artificial lakes created by building dams across streams and rivers

aquifers

water released from sand/gravel/rocks underground

wetlands

Areas of land covered by/ saturated by water; swamps, marshes, bogs

desertification

land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert like condition

biodiversity

variety of organisms living in a place

salinization

water soluble salts building up in the soil

debt for nature swaps

In exchange for local investment in conservation measures, banks forgive a portion of country debt

biotechnology

the science of altering living organisms (genetic manipulation)

agricultural biodiversity

variety and variability of crops and animals in agriculture

Precision agriculture

uses a variety of cutting-edge technologies to apply inputs such as water and fertilizer with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields in order to maximize crop yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment.