Anatomy Semester 1 Final

hormones

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissue into action

-a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant hormone

-a person's sex hormones as held to influence behavior or mood

CNS (the central nervous system)

is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It is one of 2 parts of the nervous system. The central nervous system is the body's processing center.

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Cerebrum

the largest part of your brain and handles conscious thoughts and actions. Different areas within your cerebrum also have different responsibilities like language, behavior, sensory processing and more

cerebellum

the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity

brain stem

the stalk-like part of your brain that connects your brain to your spinal cord (column of nerve tissue that runs down your spine). It sits toward the bottom of your brain and is part of your central nervous system

Parietal lobe

either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information

Occipital lobe

the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.

Frontal lobe

the part of the brain that controls high-level cognitive skills and primary motor functions. It is the center for our personality and communication abilities. The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes, and it is located at the front of the brain.

Temporal lobe

a part of your brain that helps you use your senses to understand and respond to the world around you. It also plays a key role in how you communicate with other people, your ability to access memories, use language and process emotions.

Pituitary gland

the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands

Corpus callosum

the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right hemispheres.

Phineas Gage

the man who began neuroscience. He experienced a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was driven through his skull, destroying much of his frontal lobe. He miraculously survived the accident

Neuron

the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sends motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and analyzing the electrical signals at every step in between.

glial cells

a supportive cell in the central nervous system, they do not conduct electrical impulse. They surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them. They are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system.

Dendrite

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

Axon

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

Multiple Sclerosis

a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

is a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain

Parkinson's Disease

a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter.

Muscular Dystrophy

a hereditary condition marked by progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles

Nodes of Ranvier

the gaps formed between the myelin sheath where the axons are left uncovered.

myelin sheath

a sleeve (sheath) that's wrapped around each nerve cell (neurons)

sensory neuron

the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

motor neuron

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breath by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions

Interneurons

the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system

Neurotransmitters

chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse or junction, cause the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber, or some other structure

Synapse

junction between two nerve cells, constituting of a minute gap across which impulse pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

action potential

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across the membrane

Sodium-potassium pump

a pump that carries both potassium and sodium throughout the cell

Receptors

an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimuli and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve cell

Acetylcholine

involved in muscle contraction, learning, and memory

Dopamine

plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory, and movement

Serotonin

involved in regulation of mood and sleep; also aids in digestion

Epinephrine

excitatory neurotransmitters that play a role in the fight- or- flight response, to increase arousal and attention

Norepinephrine

(n) excitatory neurotransmitters that play a role in the fight- or- flight response, to increase arousal and attention

Glutamate

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, present in more than 90% of all brain synapses

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, GABAis essential for signal regulation and normal brain function

Histology

the study of microscopic structure of tissues

Ligament

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together joint

Tendon

connect muscle to bone; made up of parallel fibers of collagen; heal slowly because of their poor blood supply

Orbicularis oculi

a muscle located in the eyelids

Orbicularis oris

a muscle in the upper lip

Temporalis

a fan-shaped muscle which runs from the side of the skull to the back of the lower jaw and is involved in closing the mouth and chewing.

compact bone

forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body

spongy bone

lighter and less dense than compact bone

Periosteum

outside of the bone; covers the bone; made of connective tissue; it forms osteoblasts from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (cells found in the bone marrow)

red bone marrow

contains hematopoietic stem cells, which are the stem cells that form blood cells

yellow bone marrow

contains mesenchymal stem cells (marrow stromal cells) which produce cartilage, fat, and bone

epiphysis

located at the end of each bone; articular surface (articular cartilage) where the bone connects with another bone; usually covered with hyaline cartilage, calcify one at a time, blood vessels invade the calcified cartilage,metaphysis is found in it, bones grow at this site

Diaphysis

long middle portion, yellow marrow cavity found here, contains cartilage (hyaline), calcified cartilage, blood vessels grow in the cartilage and form a cavity, calcified cartilage is replaced by bone, due to breakdown ad narrowing of the bone it is light.

Metaphysis

the growth of long bones occurs in this area, a plate of cartilage found in growing long bones that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis

Radiology

study of the body using x-rays

Osteoblasts

cells that get the process started to make bones, as bone grows they surround themselves with collagen and salts to become isolated in a bone cavity called a lacuna, becoming an osteocyte, periosteum forms them from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (cells found in the bone marrow)

Osteoclasts

cells responsible for the breakdown and reshaping of the bones, they reshape bones

X-rays

radiology is a study of these, they are emitted on one side of the body and detected on the other side, and the computer combines data to form an image on the CRT screen. GIves 3-D image with computer enhancement. Pass through the body and expose photographic film. GIves a 2-D image

Ultrasound

study of fetus in utero and other medium density organs such as the adult heart. Cancerous massed can also be imaged

The MRI

body or body part is surrounded by a magnetic field and radio antenna. Particular atoms give off weak radio signals under this condition and these can be detected. Computers enhance and provide images on the CRT screen. Electronically section the body and view image produced. Especially useful in soft tissues such as the brain, spinal cord. Very commonly used in sports medicine to detect cartilage, tendon and ligament damage

smooth muscle

a type of muscle that contracts without any voluntary control

skeletal muscle

a highly organized tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers which contain several myofibrils

cardiac muscle

makes up the thick middle layer of the heart

Contraction

the process of becoming smaller

ATP

is present in resting muscle cell, binds to myosin heads causing it to detach, hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate returning myosin to its original position- THIS RELEASE ENERGY, attaches to myosin to reset, muscle fibers heavily rely on it

Sarcomere

the distance between n two adjacent lines along a myofibril, H-band is the center of it, decreases in size when contracting

Actin

bridges to myosin, myosin head pulls it which releases ADP and phosphate, reactive sites on its are covered by tropomyosin, contractions stop when myosin can't bind to it anymore, in the sarcoplasm, a thin filament,

Myosin

in the sarcoplasm, a thick filament, bridges with actin, pulls actin along which releases ADP and phosphate, ATP binds to the head causing it to detach, ATP hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate which returns it to its original position, when it can;t bind to actin contractions stop, ATP attaches to it to reset

Sliding filament theory

the sliding of actin past myosin generates muscle tension or contractions

Endomysium

separates muscle fibers

Perimysium

covers each fascicle

Epimysium

covers the entire muscle (surrounds belly)

Myofibril

group of striated muscle proteins inside of muscle cells, contains actin troponin tropomyosin and myosin.

occupational therapy

a form of therapy for those recuperating from physical or mental illness that encourages rehabilitation through the performance of activities required in daily life

muscle fatigue

exercise induced decrease in the ability to produce force

Fascicle

muscle bundle; covered by perimysium

synovial joints

the type of joint found between bones that move against each other

articular (hyaline) cartilage

where the bone connects with another bone, wear in this causes osteoid arthritis

elastic cartilage

your most flexible cartilage

Fibrocartilage

type of connective tissue that provides structural support for the musculoskeletal system

physical therapist

a person qualified to treat disease, injury, or deformity by physical methods such as massage, heat, treatment, and exercise rather than by drugs or surgery

Anterior

same thing as ventral; belly or front side

Posterior

same thing as dorsal; back side

Inferior

toward the direction of the buttocks (aka caudal)

Superior

toward the direction of the head (aka rostral cephalic or cranial)

Medial

toward the body axis (mesial)

Lateral

toward the sides of the body

Distal

farther from the trunk or away from the point of origin

Proximal

close to the medial line or point of origin

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

away from the surface

Ventral

belly or front side; same thing as anterior

Dorsal

back side; same thing as posterior

Axial skeleton

made up of the 80 bones within the central core of your body

Appendicular skeleton

one of two major bone groups in the body

Cell

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane

Tissue

a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit

Organ

a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver of humans

organ system

a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

Adipose

body tissue used to store fat