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hormones
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissue into action
-a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant hormone
-a person's sex hormones as held to influence behavior or mood
CNS (the central nervous system)
is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It is one of 2 parts of the nervous system. The central nervous system is the body's processing center.
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Cerebrum
the largest part of your brain and handles conscious thoughts and actions. Different areas within your cerebrum also have different responsibilities like language, behavior, sensory processing and more
cerebellum
the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity
brain stem
the stalk-like part of your brain that connects your brain to your spinal cord (column of nerve tissue that runs down your spine). It sits toward the bottom of your brain and is part of your central nervous system
Parietal lobe
either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information
Occipital lobe
the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.
Frontal lobe
the part of the brain that controls high-level cognitive skills and primary motor functions. It is the center for our personality and communication abilities. The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes, and it is located at the front of the brain.
Temporal lobe
a part of your brain that helps you use your senses to understand and respond to the world around you. It also plays a key role in how you communicate with other people, your ability to access memories, use language and process emotions.
Pituitary gland
the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands
Corpus callosum
the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right hemispheres.
Phineas Gage
the man who began neuroscience. He experienced a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was driven through his skull, destroying much of his frontal lobe. He miraculously survived the accident
Neuron
the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sends motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and analyzing the electrical signals at every step in between.
glial cells
a supportive cell in the central nervous system, they do not conduct electrical impulse. They surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them. They are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system.
Dendrite
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Axon
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
Multiple Sclerosis
a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
is a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain
Parkinson's Disease
a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter.
Muscular Dystrophy
a hereditary condition marked by progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles
Nodes of Ranvier
the gaps formed between the myelin sheath where the axons are left uncovered.
myelin sheath
a sleeve (sheath) that's wrapped around each nerve cell (neurons)
sensory neuron
the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment
motor neuron
cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breath by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions
Interneurons
the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system
Neurotransmitters
chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse or junction, cause the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber, or some other structure
Synapse
junction between two nerve cells, constituting of a minute gap across which impulse pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
action potential
a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across the membrane
Sodium-potassium pump
a pump that carries both potassium and sodium throughout the cell
Receptors
an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimuli and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve cell
Acetylcholine
involved in muscle contraction, learning, and memory
Dopamine
plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory, and movement
Serotonin
involved in regulation of mood and sleep; also aids in digestion
Epinephrine
excitatory neurotransmitters that play a role in the fight- or- flight response, to increase arousal and attention
Norepinephrine
(n) excitatory neurotransmitters that play a role in the fight- or- flight response, to increase arousal and attention
Glutamate
the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, present in more than 90% of all brain synapses
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, GABAis essential for signal regulation and normal brain function
Histology
the study of microscopic structure of tissues
Ligament
a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together joint
Tendon
connect muscle to bone; made up of parallel fibers of collagen; heal slowly because of their poor blood supply
Orbicularis oculi
a muscle located in the eyelids
Orbicularis oris
a muscle in the upper lip
Temporalis
a fan-shaped muscle which runs from the side of the skull to the back of the lower jaw and is involved in closing the mouth and chewing.
compact bone
forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body
spongy bone
lighter and less dense than compact bone
Periosteum
outside of the bone; covers the bone; made of connective tissue; it forms osteoblasts from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (cells found in the bone marrow)
red bone marrow
contains hematopoietic stem cells, which are the stem cells that form blood cells
yellow bone marrow
contains mesenchymal stem cells (marrow stromal cells) which produce cartilage, fat, and bone
epiphysis
located at the end of each bone; articular surface (articular cartilage) where the bone connects with another bone; usually covered with hyaline cartilage, calcify one at a time, blood vessels invade the calcified cartilage,metaphysis is found in it, bones grow at this site
Diaphysis
long middle portion, yellow marrow cavity found here, contains cartilage (hyaline), calcified cartilage, blood vessels grow in the cartilage and form a cavity, calcified cartilage is replaced by bone, due to breakdown ad narrowing of the bone it is light.
Metaphysis
the growth of long bones occurs in this area, a plate of cartilage found in growing long bones that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
Radiology
study of the body using x-rays
Osteoblasts
cells that get the process started to make bones, as bone grows they surround themselves with collagen and salts to become isolated in a bone cavity called a lacuna, becoming an osteocyte, periosteum forms them from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (cells found in the bone marrow)
Osteoclasts
cells responsible for the breakdown and reshaping of the bones, they reshape bones
X-rays
radiology is a study of these, they are emitted on one side of the body and detected on the other side, and the computer combines data to form an image on the CRT screen. GIves 3-D image with computer enhancement. Pass through the body and expose photographic film. GIves a 2-D image
Ultrasound
study of fetus in utero and other medium density organs such as the adult heart. Cancerous massed can also be imaged
The MRI
body or body part is surrounded by a magnetic field and radio antenna. Particular atoms give off weak radio signals under this condition and these can be detected. Computers enhance and provide images on the CRT screen. Electronically section the body and view image produced. Especially useful in soft tissues such as the brain, spinal cord. Very commonly used in sports medicine to detect cartilage, tendon and ligament damage
smooth muscle
a type of muscle that contracts without any voluntary control
skeletal muscle
a highly organized tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers which contain several myofibrils
cardiac muscle
makes up the thick middle layer of the heart
Contraction
the process of becoming smaller
ATP
is present in resting muscle cell, binds to myosin heads causing it to detach, hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate returning myosin to its original position- THIS RELEASE ENERGY, attaches to myosin to reset, muscle fibers heavily rely on it
Sarcomere
the distance between n two adjacent lines along a myofibril, H-band is the center of it, decreases in size when contracting
Actin
bridges to myosin, myosin head pulls it which releases ADP and phosphate, reactive sites on its are covered by tropomyosin, contractions stop when myosin can't bind to it anymore, in the sarcoplasm, a thin filament,
Myosin
in the sarcoplasm, a thick filament, bridges with actin, pulls actin along which releases ADP and phosphate, ATP binds to the head causing it to detach, ATP hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate which returns it to its original position, when it can;t bind to actin contractions stop, ATP attaches to it to reset
Sliding filament theory
the sliding of actin past myosin generates muscle tension or contractions
Endomysium
separates muscle fibers
Perimysium
covers each fascicle
Epimysium
covers the entire muscle (surrounds belly)
Myofibril
group of striated muscle proteins inside of muscle cells, contains actin troponin tropomyosin and myosin.
occupational therapy
a form of therapy for those recuperating from physical or mental illness that encourages rehabilitation through the performance of activities required in daily life
muscle fatigue
exercise induced decrease in the ability to produce force
Fascicle
muscle bundle; covered by perimysium
synovial joints
the type of joint found between bones that move against each other
articular (hyaline) cartilage
where the bone connects with another bone, wear in this causes osteoid arthritis
elastic cartilage
your most flexible cartilage
Fibrocartilage
type of connective tissue that provides structural support for the musculoskeletal system
physical therapist
a person qualified to treat disease, injury, or deformity by physical methods such as massage, heat, treatment, and exercise rather than by drugs or surgery
Anterior
same thing as ventral; belly or front side
Posterior
same thing as dorsal; back side
Inferior
toward the direction of the buttocks (aka caudal)
Superior
toward the direction of the head (aka rostral cephalic or cranial)
Medial
toward the body axis (mesial)
Lateral
toward the sides of the body
Distal
farther from the trunk or away from the point of origin
Proximal
close to the medial line or point of origin
Superficial
toward the surface
Deep
away from the surface
Ventral
belly or front side; same thing as anterior
Dorsal
back side; same thing as posterior
Axial skeleton
made up of the 80 bones within the central core of your body
Appendicular skeleton
one of two major bone groups in the body
Cell
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane
Tissue
a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
Organ
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver of humans
organ system
a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Adipose
body tissue used to store fat