MedMicro Parasitology

Biology

Pinworm Transmitted form and Pathogenic form

TF: Egg
PF: Worm

Pinworm NR

Humans

Pinworm Mech of Transmittance

Ingestion (GI infection)

Disease of Pinworm

Often asymptomatic
Itching; Allergic response or secondary bacterial response

Pinworm Treatment and Prevention

Treatment- is to clean home surfaces and treat everyone in house hold
Prevention- Hard

Round Worm NR

Humans

Roundworm TF and PF

TF; egg
PT; worm

Size of roundworms

very large

Roundworm Mech of Transmission

Ingestion/ fecal-oral

Disease Roundworm

Low dose of eggs- asymptomatic
At a large worm burden- systemic, bowl obstruction; may need to physically remove
Consumption of worm- liver damage

Roundworm treatment and prevention

Treatment: antiworm in early/low burden
Prevention: Don't consume/ avoid nightsoil

Whipworm NR

Humans

Whipworm TF and PF

TF: Egg
PF: Worms

Whipworm mech of tran

Fecal-oral

Whipworm Disease

Bowl obstuction
Secondary- appendicitis

Whipworm Treatment and Prevention

Treatment: Antiworm if low worm burden
Prevention: Don't consume

Hookworms Types

Necatos Americanus (new world)
Ancylostoma duodenale (old world)

Hookworms mech of trans

Worms enter via skin by biting
Worms can get lost
Can also be ingested

Hookworm NR

Humans

Hookworm TF and PF

TF: larve or mature
PF: Mature

Hookworm Disease

- Rash on entry site
- Anemia
- Secondary infections
- Severe Cases: Emanciation, metal and physical retardation (malnutrition)

Hookworm Treatment and Prevention

Treatment- antiworm; need to treat worm first if secondary arises
Prevention: clothes.

Real name of Porkworm

Trichinella

Trichinella NR

Swine (carnivores animals)

Trichinella TF and PF

TF: larve in muscle (consumed)
PF: developed into worm

What kind of food is trichinella found?

Pork

Mech of Tran-trichinella

Ingestion

Trichinella Disease

Dose Dependent
- Small--- Asymptomatic
- Medium-- Fever, diarrhea
- Large-- Hemorraging, neurological symptoms, respiratory arrest

Trichinella Treatment and Prevention

Small enough worm burden-- Antiworm
Prevention: Fully cooked pork

Loa Loa NR

Monkeys

Loa Loa TF and PF

TF: Larve
PF: Worm

Loa Loa Mech of transmission

By insect bite

Loa Loa Disease

- Years of incubation
- migration of worms in subq tissue
--> Attracted to light (eyeballs)
--> Swelling (immune response

Loa Loa treatment and Prevention

Treatment: Physically extracting
Prevention: Bug Spray

Genus of Protozoa

Flagellates
Ciliates
Ameba
Sporozoans

Flagellates types

Trichomonas
Leishmia
Trypanosoma

Trichomonas life cycle

NR: Humans (restricted to)
TF: Trophozoite
PF: Trophozoite
MOF: sexual

Disease of Trichomonas

Women-- asymptomatic--> Scant, Watery discharge; itching, inflammation, burning and painful urination
Men-- Usually asymptomatic
Ping-Pong affect

Trichomonas Treatment and Prevention

Treatment: Antiparasitic Drugs
Prevention: Safe sex, edu, treatment of asymptomatic individuals

Leishmania Species

Donvon
Major
Tropicana
Braziliensis

Leishmania Lifecycle

NR: Mammals (rodents, oppossums, anteaters, sloths, cats, and dogs)
TF: Promastago
PF: Amastago
MoT: Sandfly (common in desert)

Leishmania Disease

Cutaneous or visceral (lesions that lead to secondary bacteria infections)
Usually around face because uncovered

Leishmania Treatment and Prevention

Treatment: Antiparasitic drugs (starting to see resistance which is starting to become more prevalent)
Prevention: Clothes/don't get bit

Trypanosoma Brucei common name and location

Sleeping sickness (africa)

Trypanosoma Cruzi Common name and loctaion

Chagas Disease (south america)

Trypanosoma Brucei Life cycle

NR: Restricted to humans
TF: Trypomastago
PF: Trypomastago
MoT: Tsetse fly (geographical restriction)

Trypanosoma Bruci Disease

- Incubation of days to weeks
- Lethargy, tremors, meningoen cephalitis, progressing to coma and then death

Trypanosoma Bruci Treatment and Prevention

Treatment- Antiparasitic drugs are effective if caught early
Prevention- Avoid endemic areas, prevent bug bites

Trypanosoma Cruzi Lifecycle

NR: Wild animals
TF: trypomastago
PF: Trypomastago
MoT: Reduviid bug (kissing bug); bites around eyes and lips, leaves hole, sits in hole and leaves trypomastago

Trypanosoma Cruzi Disease

Acute: Fever, chills, fatigue (death may occur)
Chronic: Hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, enlargement os esophagus and colon (all due to nerve damage)
Romana sign: Swelling of eye, still early enough to treat when seen

Trypanosoma Treatment and Prevention

Treatment- Catch early enough can be treated with antiparasitic drugs (acute) with chronic it is too late
Prevention- Don't get bit
**most severe is children under age of 5

Ameba types

Entamoeba and Naegleria

Entamoeba Species

hystolytical (and others)

Entamoeba Life cycle

NR: humans
TF: Cyst
PF: trophozoite
MoT: fecal-oral

Entamoeba disease

Asymptomatic
Necrosis of large intestine from cytoxin
Migration to other organs

Entamoeba treatment and prevention

Treatment: Antiparasitic
Prevention: Prevent fecal-oral
**Flies and cockroaches are vector**

Naegleria Species

Fowleri

Naegleria life cycle

NR: humans dead end host
TF: trophozoite
PF: Trophozoite
MoT: contaminated water through nasal cavity (to brain)

Naegleria Disease

primary amebic meningocephalitis (PAM)--generally fatal

Naegleria Treatment and Prevention

Treatment: none
Prevention: Don't dunk head into water
**Typically warm (hot tubs)

Ciliates genus and species

Balantidium coli

Balantidium life cycle

NR: Swine
TF: cyst
PF: Trophozoite
MoT: Swine fecal contamination

Balantidium disease

Nausea, anorexia, watery stools with blood and pus

balantidium Treatment and Prevention

Treatment: Antiparasitic drugs
Prevention: Avoid contaminated swine species
**secondary infections in intestine due to damage of GI tract

Sporozoa Genus

Plasmodium
Toxoplasma
Cyclospora
Cryptesporidium

Sporozoa Plasmodium species

Vivax
Ovule
Malarie
Falciparum

Plasmodium is the causative agent for...

Malaria !!!!

Plasmodium life cycle

NR: Humans and Monkeys
TF: Sporozoites
PF: Trophozoite
MoT: bite or IV drug use (mosquitos)

Plasmodium Disease

Ruptured RBC-- loss of O2
- release of parasite
- fever/chills
- Anemia
Kidney and liver damage
Death (especially Falciparum)

Difference in Plasmodium species

Lysing timing
Falciparum-- constant, worst
Malarie- Q4D, fever spike
Vivax- Q4D
Ovule- Q3D

Plasmodium treatment and Prevention

Treatment- Antiparasitic (starting to see resistance)
Prevention- Not get bit, * vaccines in work

Common name for Toxoplasma

Toxi

Toxoplasma species

Gondii

Toxoplasma NR

Cats (asymptomatic)

Toxoplasma TF and PF

TF: oocyst in poop
PF: Trophozoite

Toxoplasma Disease

- Asymptomatic
- Necrosis of lung, body head, lymphoid organ damage
-Immunocompromised: Neurological
- Pregnancy: Transplacental infection= miscarriage or severe disease in fetus

Toxoplasma Treatment and Prevention

Treatment- self limiting, only really treat those at risk
Prevention- Avoidance

Cyclospora species

Cayetanensis

Where is Cyclospora found

Mammals, reptiles, birds,
**Contaminated H2O

Cyclosporta TF and PF

TF: oocyst
PF: Trophozoite

Cyclospora Disease

Asymptomatic--> diarrhea
Immunocom. --> Very bad diarrhea

Cyclospora treatment

only really treat immunocompromised

Cyclospora Prevention

Water treatment, but doesn't always work
**high outbreaks in Lettuce and Pools

Cryptosporidum species

Several

Cryptosporidum NR

Mammals, reptiles, fish
**contaminated water

Cryptosporidium TF and PF

TF: oocyst
PF: sporozoites

Cryptosporidium Disease

Aysmptomatic
Immunocom.--> Very bad diarrhea (50+/day)
Systemic

Cryptosporidum treatment

No to low efficacy

Cryptosporidium prevention

Water treatment
**resistant to chlorination

Common name for Trematodes

Flukes

Trematodes species?

Schistosomes (others exist, found in fish and crystaceans)

Where can you find Schistosomes (fluke)

Snalis

Schistosome TF and PF

TF: Complex -- Cercaria
PF: Adult (not worm causing damage)

Schistosome MoT

Ingestion

Schistosome Disease

Immune Mediated due to molecular mimicry

Schistosome Treament and prevention

Treatment: Antiworm; want to catch early
Prevention: Dont eat uncooked snails

Common name for Cestodes

Flatworm

Flat worm species?

Tape Worm

Tapeworm Life Cycle

NR: human and animals
TF: Egg
PF: worm
MoT: ingestion

Tapeworm Disease

Asymptomatic--> Abdominal cramps--> Nutritional deficiency (VB12)T