Review of Key Medical Concepts and Diagnoses

A collection of flashcards to help students review important medical concepts, diagnoses, and prognostic factors in preparation for their exams.

What is the major prognostic factor for oral SCC?

Extra capsular spread (ECS) is an important prognosticator for oral SCC, indicating an aggressive tumor and poor prognosis.

What key feature of a papillary urinary bladder lesion indicates poor prognosis?

Muscle infiltration is the most important parameter influencing prognosis in bladder tumors.

Which enzyme's activation is linked to ventricular fibrillation after thrombolytic therapy?

Xanthine oxidase is the enzyme activated, contributing to this complication.

Which condition is not typical of pathology of prematurity?

Kernecturus is not typically associated with conditions found in premature infants.

What is the most important prognostic factor in breast carcinoma?

Nodal status is the most significant prognostic factor in breast carcinoma.

How many adenomatous polyps are needed for diagnosing Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome?

At least 100 adenomatous polyps are necessary for diagnosis of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome.

What tumor is most associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

Cholangiocarcinoma has a significant association with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

What cytokine is crucial for macrophage transformation into epithelioid cells in granulomatous inflammation?

Interferon-gamma plays a major role in the transformation of macrophages into epithelioid cells.

What immunostain is essential for confirming a testicular tumor diagnosis?

Inhibin is the essential immunostain for confirming the diagnosis of certain testicular tumors.

What is the most important factor in lung tumor staging?

Tumor size is a critical factor in staging lung tumors.

What is the primary hallmark of collagenous colitis?

The presence of a thick hyaline membrane underneath the epithelium is characteristic of collagenous colitis.

What is the advised policy for submitting TURP chippings?

For over 12 grams of tissue, submit 12 grams plus 2 grams for every additional 5 grams.

What is the genetic condition linked to chromosome 15 inheritance in children?

Angelman syndrome is the result of inheriting two copies of chromosome 15 from the father.

Which subtype of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is CD30-, CD15+ and CD20+?

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

What is the characteristic translocation of Ewing’s sarcoma?

Ewing’s sarcoma is characterized by the translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12).

Which finding is indicative of a GIST tumor's origin?

GISTs originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal.

When is a death not referred to the coroner?

A 77 year old who falls and dies later from a myocardial infarction does not necessarily require a coroner's referral.