Clinical Microbiology

This ones a tough one :(

Primary disinfectant used in Lab

Vesphore → kills and washes

Homeostasis in general

Bringing stability back to internal while changes are happening externally (stimulus)

Disease definition

Homeostasis is exceeded (something much more is happening) → acute vs. chronic

The Subclinical stage of infection

infected however non-symptomatic

Symbiotic relationships relative to humans (3)

Mutual - 😉 vs. Parasitic - ☹ vs. Commensual - 😑

Types of Colonization (+examples) (5)

body surface selection → Normal flora vs. Transient - survive exposure but no multiplication vs. Nosocomial - hospitalization transient colonization → antibiotic resistance infection (MSRA) vs. Carriers - nonnormal flora → infect others (Strep) vs. Endogenous - opportunistic normal flora → infection (CoN)

Pattern steps of infection

exposure (noncontagious) → incubate → prodromal (vague symptoms) → acute (signs) → decline vs. convalescent (death)

Sources of infection

Congenital - before/at birth vs. Endogenous - opportunistic normal flora vs. Exogenous - not normal flora → direct (immediate transfer)/indirect (intermediate)

Virulence factors

adaptation, capsule, replication, a pathogens toxins, adhesion, chemokines

Gram Stain - Bacteria exceptions that do not stain***

Mycoplasms - free living but no cell wall vs. Rickettsiaceae - vector → no culture vs. Chlamdyiales - no peptidoglycan → no culture growth (elementary - not active/reticulate - active)

Mycology vs. Parasitology vs. Virology

eukayotic budding → smooth(yeast)/hyphae(mold) vs. eukaryotic variety vs. noncellular, needs host genetic material

Taxonomy general Conventions & Exceptions

Genus species  (specific) or Genus species → coagulase-negative staphylococci, viridans group of streptococci, and Group ___ streptococci (by serology)

Types of Recombination (3)

Transduction - virus vs. Transform - foreign vs. Congugation - pilus between bacteria

Bacterial genetic material

Plasmid - self-replication/adaptation/transfer/replication, vs. Transposons - movement/functional and jumping inbetween sequence, vs. Integron (integration) - gene cassette (capturing), and Insertion sequence - movement gene