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who held hawkish attitudes within israels government
moshe dayan (military leader) david ben gurion (PM)
who held dovish attitudes within israels government
moshe sharrett (foreign minister)
what was the premise of the hawkish view within israels government
arabs were incapable of accepting israels existence - advocated retaliation and a pre-emptive strike favoured large scale intervention and covert (secret) operations - spread disunity amongst the arabs and weaken their military
what was the premise of the dovish view within israels government
much more cautious approach arab disunity was against israels interests aarab consensus was needed to bring peace
When was the Cairo Conference?
1964
why was the statement issued by the arab leaders at the cairo conference so significant
first time they declared in official document that their ultimate aim was the destruction of israel
2 key aims of the PLO
unite all palestinians win back land they lost in 1948-49 war
what was fatah
the largest group within the PLO. From 1965-67 Fatah carried out an increasing number of guerrilla attacks with the support of Arab states - mainly Syria
where did the fatah have bases
one in each of syria jordan and lebanon
which country gave the most support to the PLO
syria
who tried to restrict the activities of the PLO and why
lebanon and jordan because they were afraid israeli reprisals
why were there no PLO attacks on israel from egypt
UN troops had been placed on the border after the 1956 war to prevent further clashes
when did the ba'athists come to power in syria
feb 1966
what did the ba'athist government demand
revolutionary struggle against israel
liberation of palestine - arab states believed that this was their own issue and responsibility
whywaas nasser reluctant to go to war
knew the arab states were not ready and israel had stronger military forces than all neighbouring arab states combined
what did egypt and syria sign in november 1966
a defence agreement - if one state attacked, the other would come to its defense nasser thought it would calm new syrian government down but they now felt more supported to attack
why did israel attack samu
a mine exploded on the israel-jordan frontier, killing 3 israeli soldiers so they retaliated
when did israel attack the jordanian village of samu
13 november 1966
what event sparked an air battle on 7 april 1967
syrians opened fire on israeli tractor ploughing land in demilitarised zone so israelis fired back syria started shelling other israeli settlements - air fight over damascus
when was there an air fight over damascus between israel and syria
7 april 1967
when did the israeli general threaten to occupy the syrian capital and overthrow the syrian government (against wishes of his government)
12 may 1967 - widely interpreted by arabs as a sign that israel intended to attack syria
when did the soviets warn egypt of israel moving armed forces to syrian border to attack
13 may 1967
why may have the svoiets warned egypt of israel moving armed forces to syrian border to attack
may have seen it as an opportunity to expand their influence in the region at a time when the US was bogged down in the the vietnam war
whywas nasser forced to act in may 1967
the defence agreement with syria had to respond as his leadership of the arab world was being challenged but he didnt want war because he knew arabs were not strong enough
when did nasser move troops into the sinai peninsula
15 may 1967
how many troops did nasser move into the sinai peninsula on 15 may 1967
100,000 - this alarmed the israelis
what did nasser ask the UN in may 1967
to remove troops from egyptian soil - wanted to prove that egypt was completely independent
when did nasser close the straits of tiran to israeli shipping
22 may 1967
did nasser close the straits of tiran to israeli shipping in may 1967
denied israeli ships coming from the indian ocean and the far east access to the port of eilat
what did the syrian defence minister warn would happen to israel on 24 may 1967
they will never accept peace and will go to war with israel which would result in the destruction of israel
why was israeli government so keen to enlist US support for a first strike in may 1967
they needed to be sure that the US government would stand by israel in the UN if Israel attacked first
what did US president johnson say on 26 may 1967 that made israel wait to attack
according to US intelligence, egypt had no plan to attack but that, if it did, then the israelis would "whip the hell out of them" and that "israel will not be alone unless they decide to go it alone"
what did nasser demand on 29 may 1967
israel should allow the palestinian refugees to return to israel and israel should give up land taken in the 1948-49 war
why did king hussein reluctantly join with nasser on 30 may 1967
wanted to avoid war and to remain neutral but half the population of jordan was palestinian - demanded revenge in newspapers signed a mutual defence treaty with egypt and a force of egyptian commands was flown to jordan
when did the israeli delegation demand the US government to take action to open the straits of tiran
31 may 1967
how did the americans respons to israeli delegates demanded US action to open the straits of tiran in may 1967
suggested that israel should take action on its own israel took this as the go ahead
who became defence minister of israel on 1 june 1967
moshe dayan
why had the israelis virtually won on the first day
they had destroyed the air forces of egypt, syria and jordan wihtin 4 hours - they had complete control of the skies
when was the universal company of the suez maritime canal constituted
20 december 1858
evidence of britains opposition of the universal company of the suez maritime canal
declined offers of shares and even organised a boycott which led to a shortage of investors
what percentage of the shares of the universal company of the suez maritime canal did egypt acquire
44%
when did construction of the suez canal begin
25 april 1859
when was the suez canal opened
November 1869
in the first year of its opening, what percentage of vessels using the suez canal were british
75%
when did ismail pasha offer egypts shares of the canal for sale as he had incurred massive debts
mid 1870s
who bought egypts shares after they were offered by pasha in the mid 1870s
british pm benjamin disraeli for £4million
when did turkey (germanys ally from 1914) send troops to seize the suez canal
february 1915
when did britain give egypt nominal independence
1922
when was the anglo-egyptian treaty signed in london
1936
what did the anglo-egyptian treaty state
proclaimed egypt to be an independent sovreign state but allowed british troops to still be stationed in the canal zone for protection - until 1956 egyptian rebellion
when was italy (german ally) driven out of egypt by british and commonwealth counter-offensive
december 1940
when did italians (reinforced by german afrika korps) attacked and pushed the allied forces back
march 1941 - fighting continued until summer 1942
when did pasha (leader of wafd party) revoke the anglo egyptian treaty of 1936
1951
what did the palestinians realise as a result of the suez war
they were unlikely to get anywhere if they left matter in other hands and relied on their fellow arabs
who encouraged the fedayeen to attack israel
the discredited mufti of jerusalem
What group was formed at the end of the 1950s
the fatah - made up of young palestinians who gathered in british-run kuwait
what were the key aims of the fatah
destruction of israel and formation of a palestinian state
2 examples of Yasser Arafat and the desire for an independent stance
attempted to blow up saudis oil pipeline to the mediterranean arafat had nothing to do with the PLO or PLA
PLO and PLA
Palestinian Liberation Organization Palestinian Liberation Army
Why was Arafat suspicious of Nasser and the PLO?
clearly saw that nasser needed the PLO in order to control the palestinians and curb their geurilla activity
What was Arafat's key aim and why did Nasser see this as unrealistic?
another arab-israeli war nasser saw this as unrealistic because in open warfare, the disunited arab forces would stand little chance against the well-organised israeli military machine
when did the free officers overthrow the egyptian monarchy
1952
positive impacts of the suez crisis on israel
hawks win debate straits of tiran open UN force to police border with egypt - security
negative impacts of the suez crisis on israel
pressure from US and USSR to return conquests
no removal of nasser - became more popular across arab world
impacts of the suez crisis on the west
turning point for british and french influence middle east dragged into cold war more (eisenhower doctrine) many arab nations against atheistic communism - especially monarchies like saudi arabia, jordan and iraq US still wants to keep ties close with arab nations - prevent them from becoming communist
when was the eisenhower doctrine
1957
what was the eisenhower doctrine
US will protect any countries who come under threat by a communist country
impacts of the suez crisis on egypt
nasser dismissed military loss nasser hailed by arab masses for standing up againstr imperialism and israel undisputed leader of arab world
between the wars 1956-1967
arab nations officially at war with israel armistices but no peace treaties arab nations still deny israels right to exist many threatened armed conflict but none wanted
saudi arabia between war 1956-1967
especially hostile towards nasser because they were a monarchy saudis vs egypt of yemeni civil war "arab cold war"
leftish socialist republics of arab world
egypt, iraq (post 1958) and syria
monarchies, nationalist, pro-western aran nations
saudi arabia jordan - perhaps dont want war due to a lack of cohesian
egypt between war 1956-1967
united with syria to form UAR in 1958 nasser made threats to destroy israel but didnt actually continued funding from US and USSR - nasser didnt want to jeopardise relationship
syria between war 1956-1967
very unstable, rigorously anti-israel ba'ath party seize control in 1963 (military, secular group)
iraq between war 1956-1967
faisal ii opposes UAR and joins baghdad past military coup in 1958 - monarchy overthrown ba'ath party takes control in 1960s very unstable - aid and weapons from soviets
jordan between war 1956-1967
hussein - anti-nasser, pan-arab union with iraq but recieves aid from US and britain 400k palestinian refugees - potential conflict with israel
when did nasser make speeches containing anti-israeli rhetoric
1959
UAR
United Arab Republic
when did the six day war start
june 1967, started in part when Egypt wouldn't allow Israel access the gulf of aqaba
Arab casualties in six day war
15,000
Israeli casualties in six day war
fewer than 1000
Reason for Israel winning six day war in terms of their army
Arabs had larger armies but their air force was destroyed by israel
Foreign military support for Arabs in six day war
Modern soviet missiles
Foreign military support for Israelis in six day war
French fighter planes and tanks
Most advanced US electronic equipment - could intercept Arab communications
Why did Israel see no need to hurry peace negotiations with Arab states after six day war
Confident they were the regional superpower
Why did Israel decide on military occupation of the territories they had captured after the six day war
Made borders more secure Buffer zone between main 3 enemies
What was the result of Israel capturing the golan heights in the six day war
Villages in the north of Israel were safe from Syrian artillery
Why were fortifications along the river Jordan and control of the West Bank so crucial for Israel during the six day war
Protected the country's narrow waist of 24km
What was the impact of Israeli occupation of the Sinai desert after the six day war
Huge buffer between Israel and the Egyptian army
What did the Israeli government order the army to do after six day war and why
Confiscate Arab land and build Jewish settlements to make areas more secure
What did Israel do with East Jerusalem after capturing it in the six day war
Annexed East Jerusalem as they were desperate to keep hold of it because it was the holiest of their holy places
How did the UN react to Israel annexing East Jerusalem after the six day war
Condemned because it violated international law
Who was the British PM during the suez crisis
Anthony Eden
Main reason for the failure of the suez plan
Eisenhower told Britain France and Israel to back off
What was operation focus
Israel's plan to take out Arab airforces
When were the straits of tiran closed
May 1967 - sparked Israeli attack
When did Israel capture East Jerusalem
7 June 1967
Main reasons for israeli success in six day war
Israel's air superiority Israel was better trained and highly motivated as they believed they were fighting for nations survival Arab lack of co ordination meant Israel could attack nations one by one not simultaneously
Who did Arabs blame the defeat in the six day war on
USA, Britain, and other European powers like France
What did the main oil producing Arab states agree to do after six day war
£135 million annually to Egypt and Jordan as compensation for losses in war
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