Chemistry HL - Unit 10 Organic Chemistry

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Class, functional group

Alkane, Alkyl

Class, functional group

Alkene, Alkenyl

Class, functional group

Alkyne, Alkynyl

Reaction

Combustion

Reaction, reagents

Free radical substitution, UV light

Reaction

Hydrogenation

Reaction

Halogenation

Reaction

Hydrogen Halide

Markovnikovs’s rule

The H will bond to the carbon with the greater amount of bonded hydrogens

Reaction

Hydration

Reaction

Polymerization

Reaction

Electrophillic addition

Class,functional group

Alcohol, hydroxyl

Formation of an alcohol, reagents and conditions

H₂O_(g) and concentrated H₂SO₄ + Heat

Class, functional group

Aldehyde, Carbonyl

Class, functional group

Ketone, Carbonyl

Class, functional group

Carboxylic acid, Carboxyl

Class, functional group

Ether, Ether

Class, functional group

Ester, Ester

Formation of Esters reaction

Esterization (Condensation)

Products of Esterization

Ester and H₂O

Reactants of Esterization

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid

Reagents/reactants to make an Aldehyde

Primary Alcohol, Acidified/H⁺ Cr₂O₇^2-_, Heat/distillation

Reagents to make Carboxylic acid from an Aldehyde + color in product

H⁺/Cr₂O₇^2- + Reflux, Green

Products/color of tertiary alcohol + H⁺/Cr₂O₇^2- and reflux

NO REACTION, Orange

Notation for this Alkene

Cis-

Notation for this Alkene

Trans-

Notation for this alkene

E-

Notation for this Alkene

Z-

Homolytic fission:

Each species takes the same amount of electrons from a bond

Products of a combustion on an Alkane with very limited oxygen

C _(s) and H₂O

Saturated =

no double bonds

Un saturated =

Double bonds

Products of a combustion on an Alkane with limited Oxygen

CO and H₂O

3 steps in a free radical substitution

Initiation, Propagation, Termination

When does electrophillic addition occur

an alkane reacts with a diatomic halogen molecule or a hydrogen halide molecule

Alkane suffix

-ane

Alkene suffix

-ene

Alkyne suffix

-yne

Alcohol suffix

-ol

Aldehyde suffix

-al

Ketone suffix

-one

Carboxylix acid suffix

-oic acid

Reducing reaction

removal of a carbonyl to return to an alcohol by using a reducing agent and heat

Reducing agents used for a reducing rxn

NaBH₄, (doesn’t work on carboxylic acid), LiAlH₄

Ether naming (R-O-R’)

___oxy___

Ester naming

R^’ ___anoate

Miscible definiton

Soluble liquids

Immiscible definition

Not soluble

Conditions to form a Ketone, Color of the product

H⁺/Cr₂O₇^2- + Reflux, Green

Conditions to form a carboxylic acid from a primary Alcohol

MnO₄^- + H⁺/Cr₂O₇^2- and reflux

Conditions of polymerization

Pressure and heat

Conditions/reagents of Hydrogenation

Ni catalyst and heat

Conditions of Halogenation

Spontaneously at room temperature

Conditions of Hydrogen Halides

Happens spontaneously

Reagents of esterization

Heat + concentrated H₂SO₄

Why are Alkenes more reactive than Alkanes

The pi bond is relatively weaker, therefore easier to break

Class

Nitrile

Class

Amide

Class

Amine

Nitrile suffix

-nitrile

Amine suffix

-amine

Amide suffix

-amide

Nucleophile definition

Electron donor

S_n1

Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular

S_n2

Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular

Step 2 of an S_n1

Carbocation intermediate

Class, functional group

Benzene, arene

Reagent for S_n1 mechanism

Polar protic solvent

Reagent for S_n2 mechanism

Polar aprotic solvent