Ap European History Chapter 14

What are the causes of exploration?

Gold

Glory

God

Gadgets(inventions)

What things helped exploration?

Centralization of political authority

Maps

Ships and sailing/navel technology

What are some examples of new maritime technology?

Hartman Astrolabe

Better maps (Portulaca)

Sextant

Mariner's Compass

What is a Hartman Astrolabe?

An astronomical calculating device that could tell you the time of night and the position of the stars

What is a Sextant?

An instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and sun/moon. Determined latitude/longitude

What are some examples of new weapon technology?

Caravel and Whell lock

What is a caravel?

A small and fast ship

What is a Whell Lock?

A friction wheel mechanism that creates a spark that cause a firearm to fire

Who created the School For Navigation? (1419)

Prince Henry the Navigator

What ethnicity was Prince Henry?

Portuguese

Who was the first person to attempt to get to India?

Bartholomew Dias (1450-1500)

Who was the first person to make it to India?

Vasco da Gama (1460-1524)

Da Gama made it to India by luck and ocean currents so what did he name the cape he rounded to get there?

The Cape of Good Hope

Who is credited with "discovering" the New World?

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

Was Christopher Columbus Spanish?

No, he was Italian

Why didn't Columbus embark on his voyage to the New World for Italy?

Italy was fairly poor because it was not yet a unified country

Who sent Columbus to the New World?

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain (parents of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII's 1st wife)

Who was the first to circumnavigate the globe?

Magellan (1480-1521)

Magellan discovered that all oceans are what?

Connected to one another making it possible to sail the entire world without needing to cross land.

What did Magellan also discover about the ocean?

He discovered ocean currents (because the currents haven't changed we still use his map of ocean currents today)

Who led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire?

Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)

Where was the Aztec empire located?

Mexico

Who was the leader of the Aztecs when Cortes and the Spanish attacked?

Moctezuma

Who kills Moctezuma?

Cortes kills Moctezuma even though he told Moctezuma if he obeyed their demands and gave the Spanish what they wanted they wouldn't kill him but when Moctezuma does exactly what the Spanish are asking Cortes killed him anyway

Who led the Spanish conquest of the Incan Empire?

Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541)

Where was the Incan Empire located?

Peru

Describe the encomienda system.(multiple choice question on test)

A system that the Spanish introduced to it's New World colonies to manage it's many plantations and the treatment of Native Americans, Conquerors were given the right to demand free(and technically forced) labor from the Indians because officially enslaving them was banned in Spain #linguistics!

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The GLOBAL transfer of plants, animals, and diseases

When was the Columbian Exchange?

During the European colonization of the Americas

Foods such as what and what significantly changed lives in Europe

Corn and Potatoes

What items significantly changed life in the Americas?

Sugar, citrus, wheat, ice, barely, oats, peaches, pears, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, typhus, measles, malaria, whopping cough, small pox, influenza, and diplopia

What is the cycle of conquests and colonization?

1. explorers

2. conquistadors

3. missionaries

4. permanent settlements

5. official European colonies

What is a bullion(treasure from America)?

gold or silver in bulk before coinage

Did slavery exist in Africa before the coming of the Europeans?

Yes

Who replaced European slaves with Africans?

The Portuguese

Where would the African slaves work?

Sugar can and sugar plantations(cotton plantations was not thing yet)

The first boatload of African slaves brought by who?

The Spanish in 1518

How many enslaved Africans were exported to other countries?

275,000

Between when and when were 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas?

16c. and 19c.

What were the effects of the slave trade?

depopulation of African Kingdoms

losses of culture

criticism of slavery

racism

What is the Treaty of Tordesillas(1494)?

The Spanish and the Portuguese decided to split the New World between each other

Did the Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) work? Why or why not?

No, because the other countries also wanted land

What are the impacts of European expansion/exploration?

1. Native populations ravaged by disease

2. Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe and created mass inflation

3. Colombian exchange

4. Deepened colonial rivalries

What were the economic changes?

1. Rise of capitalism: private ownership and using money to make money

2. Joint-stock companies: pooling large sums of money for a common purpose like colonization

3. Mercantilism: a theory that a country's power depended on it's wealth

By the end of the 18th century who was the greatest imperial power?

England