PROTOZOA PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA PART 1

AMOEBOID (SARCODINA) AND FLAGELLATED (MASTIGOPHORA) PARASITES

PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA INCLUDES

KINGDOM PROTOZOA

PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA IS UNDER

SUB-PHYLUM SARCODINA

AMOEBAE ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER

PSEUDOPODIA

CHARACTERISTIC OF AMOEBAE: FOOT-LIKE PROJECTIONS IN THE CYTOPLASM

SUB-PHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA

FLAGELLATES ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER

FLAGELLATES (MASTIGOPHORA)

CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF Long, threadlike extension cytoplasm

FLAGELLATES (MASTIGOPHORA)

Includes Giardia lamblia and Dientamoeba fragilis

blepharoplasts

MASTIGOPHORA have flagella that arises from small intracytoplasmic granules known as

DIGESTIVE TRACT AND GENITAL

BLOOD AND TISSUE

2 SUBTYPES OF FLAGELLATES

1. Enteromonas hominis

2. Embadomonas intestinalis

3. Chilomastix mesnili

4. Giardia lamblia

5. Trichomonas hominis

6. Trichomonas tenax

7. Trichomonas vaginalis

DIGESTIVE TRACT AND GENITAL FLAGELL ATES (EGECTTT)

1. Leishmania tropica

2. Leishmania braziliensis

3. Leishmania donovani

4. Trypanosoma rhodesiense

5. Trypanosoma gambiense

6. Trypanosoma cruzi

BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES (Laugh Trip)

INTESTINAL

COMMENSALS

FREE LIVING

3 SUBTYPES OF AMEBAE

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC AMOEBAE

1. -ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

2. -ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI

3. -ENTAMOEBA COLI

4. -ENTAMOEBA POLECKI

5. -IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII

INTESTINAL AMEOBAE (HIS HEART CAN PUMP BLOOD)

• E. DISPAR,

• E. COLI,

• E. HARTMANNI,

• E. POLECKI,

• E. GINGIVALIS,

• ENDOLIMAX NANA,

• IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII

COMMENSAL AMOEBAE

• ACANTHAMOEBA SPP.,

• BALAMUTHIA,

• NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

FREE LIVING AMOEBAE (BAN)

• ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS

• NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

• ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

EXTRAINTESTINAL SPECIES (NAE)

PSEUDOPODS

LOCOMOTION OF AMOEBAE: THEY EXTEND THEIR CYTOPLASM; CHARACTERISTIC FALSE FEET

TROPHOZOITE AND CYSTS

MORPHOLOGIC FORMS OF AMOEBAE

E. GINGIVALIS

MOST AMOEBAE HAVE TROPHOZOITE AND CYST AS MORPHOLOGIC FORMS, EXCEPT

DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS

AN INTESTINAL FLAGELLATE

ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS

MOST AMOEBAE INHABIT THE LARGE INTESTINE EXCEPT

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

ALL ARE COMMENSALS EXCEPT

CYST TO TROPHOZOITE

EXCYSTATION OF AMOEBAE

ILEOCECAL AREA OF INTESTINE

EXCYSTATION OF AMOEBAE OCCURS IN

TROPHOZOITE TO CYST

ENCYSTATION OF AMOEBAE

• AMOEBA OVERPOPULATION

• PH CHANGE

• CHANGE IN FOOD SUPPLY

• OXYGEN AVAILABILITY

FACTORS OF ENCYSTATION

• ENTAMOEBA (TRUE AMOEBA)

• ENDOLIMAX AND IODAMOEBA

GENUS OF AMOEBAE

ENTAMOEBA (TRUE AMOEBA)

PRESENCE OF PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN, VISIBLE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE AND CHROMATOIDAL BODIES

CYST AND TROPHOZOITE

PRESENCE OF PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN AND VISIBLE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE IN AMOEBAE OCCURS IN WHAT MORPHOLOGIC FORMS? (CYST OR TROPHOZOITE)

CYST ONLY

CHROMATOIDAL BODIES OCCURS IN WHAT MORPHOLOGIC FORMS? (CYST OR TROPHOZOITE)

ENDOLIMAX AND IODAMOEBA

NO PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN AND CHROMATOIDAL BODIES

• CHROMATOIDAL BARS

• KARYOSOME/KARYOSOMAL CHROMATIN

• PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN

• GLYCOGEN MASS

PARTS OF THE AMOEBA

CHROMATOIDAL BARS

PARTS OF THE AMOEBA: CONDENSED RNA MATERIAL

KARYOSOME/KARYOSOMAL CHROMATIN

PARTS OF THE AMOEBA: CENTRAL MASS OF CHROMATIN

CENTER OF NUCLEUS

KARYOSOME IS FOUND IN THE

PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN

PARTS OF THE AMOEBA: CHROMATIN SURROUNDING THE KARYOSOME

GLYCOGEN MASS

PARTS OF THE AMOEBA: STORES FOOD ESPECIALLY ON YOUNG CYSTS

SALINE WET PREPARATION

IODINE WET PREPARATION

PERMANENT SMEAR

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS FOR AMOEBAE

SALINE WET PREPARATION

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS FOR AMOEBAE: SHOW THE MOTILITY OF AMEBIC TROPHOZOITES

IODINE WET PREPARATION

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS FOR AMOEBAE: INTERNAL CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURES

PERMANENT SMEAR

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS FOR AMOEBAE:

• CONFIRMS PARASITE IDENTIFICATION BECAUSE IT ACCURATELY

• DISTINGUISHES THE IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROTOZOA

TROPHOZOITE

AMOEBAE: MOTILE: ABLE TO PRODUCE PSEUDOPODS

TROPHOZOITE

AMOEBAE: DELICATE AND FRAGILE, EASILY DESTROYED BY GASTRIC JUICES OF THE STOMACH AND DESICCATION (NOT THE INFECTIVE STAGE) [THE STOOL SPECIMEN MUST BE SENT BEFORE 30 MINS)

TROPHOZOITE

AMOEBAE: REPLICATION VIA ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION

TROPHOZOITE

AMOEBAE: FEEDING STAGE

TROPHOZOITE

AMOEBAE: FOUND IN SOFT, LIQUID AND LOOSE CONSISTENCY

TROPHOZOITE

AMOEBAE: DESTROYED BY IODINE

CYST

AMOEBAE: NON-MOTILE, NON-FEEDING, INFECTIVE STAGE

CYST

AMOEBAE: FOUND IN FORMED STOOL

CYST

AMOEBAE: HAS A PROTECTIVE CELL WALL AGAINST HARMFUL ENVIRONMENT

CYST

AMOEBAE: STUDIED UNDER D' ANTONI'S IODINE MOUNT BUT SATISFACTORY WITH PERMANENT STAIN WITH IRON AND HEMOGLOBIN

1875

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA was First discovered in ____

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

Inhabits the large intestine

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

Usually feeds (trophozoite) on red blood cells causing ulceration, which will

lead to amebic dysentery

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

The ectoplasm of this parasite is usually characterized as “clear glasslike”

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

MOVES IN ONE DIRECTION: PROGRESSIVE AND UNIDIRECTIONAL

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

ONLY ONE PSEUDOPOD THRUSTED OUT IN EXPLOSIVE MANNER

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

ENDOPLASM CONTAINS RBC BUT NO BACTERIA OR CELL DETRITUS (CLEAN LOOKING TROPHOZOITE)

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

NUCLEUS NOT VISIBLE WHEN STAINED;

NUCLEUS CONSISTS OF THIN NUCLEAR MEMBRANE WITH LAYER OF UNIFORMLY SIZED FINE CHROMATIN GRANULES DISTRIBUTED ALONG INSIDE BORDER OF NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

FINE CENTRALLY LOCATED KARYOSOME (BULL'S EYE AMOEBA)

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

COFFEE/SAUSAGE/CIGAR/ROD SHAPED/ ROUNDED END CHROMATOIDAL BARS

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA CYST

MATURE CYST WITH 4 NUCLEI

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA CYST

KARYOSOME IS SMALL AND CENTRAL

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA CYST

Coffin-shaped chromatoidal bars

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS

AMEBIC COLITIS

AMEBIC DYSENTERY

EXTRAINTESTINAL AMEBIASIS

VENEREAL AMEBIASIS, PENILE AMEBIASIS, VAGINAL AMEBIASIS

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI

Smaller type of Entamoeba histolytica

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI

Ingests bacteria but not RBC

ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI

Usually non-pathogenic amoeba

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

MOVES IN SEVERAL DIRECTIONS: SLUGGISH AND NO DIRECTION

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

SENDS OUT MANY PSEUDOPODS AT THE SAME TIME

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

Larger than E. histolytica measuring 15-50 microns

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

ENDOPLASM CONTAIN BACTERIA, YEASTS, AND CELL DETRITUS/DEBRIS (DIRTY LOOKING DETRITUS)

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

STAINED NUCLEUS CONSISTS OF THICKER NUCLEAR MEMBRANE WITH LAYER OF VARIOUSLY SIZED CHROMATIN GRANULES UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE INSIDE BORDER OR NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE

LARGE ECCENTRICALLY LOCATED KARYOSOME

Entamoeba coli TROPHOZOITE

Comparison of amoebae — Size (μm): 15 to 50 um

ENTAMOEBA COLI CYST

CHROMATOIDAL BARS CAN BE SEEN AS SPLINTER LIKE NEEDLES/WITH BROOM/WHISKED BROOM/THIN SPLINTERED

ENTAMOEBA COLI CYST

MATURE CYST WITH 8 NUCLEI

NON-PATHOGEN

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENTAMOEBA COLI

PCR

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY

(ELISA)

ISOENZYME ANALYSIS

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN E. HISTOLYTICA AND E. DISPAR IS NOT POSSIBLE BY MICROSCOPY. THIS CAN ONLY BE DONE BY

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

TISSUE INVADING INTESTINAL AMOEBA

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA CYST

(INFECTIVE STAGE) - FOUND IN COLONS; FORM IN FORMED STOOL

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

(EXTRAINTESTINAL SITES) - MOBILE, ONLY FORM PRESENT IN TISSUES; FORM SEEN IN WATERY STOOL

E. HISTOLYTICA DISEASE/S:

• ASYMPTOMATIC/CARRIER

• INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS

• GRADUAL ONSET OF ABDOMINAL PAIN AND

• DIARRHEA

• "FLASK-SHAPED ULCER"

• EXTRAINTESTINAL AMEBIASIS

• HEPATIC AMEBIASIS OR AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS (ALA) OR AMEBIC HEPATITIS

• FEVER AND RUQ PAIN

• "ANCHOVY PASTE"

• AMEBOMA

• MASS-LIKE LESION WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN AND A HISTORY OF DYSENTERY

• VISCERAL AMEBIASIS

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS

E. HISTOLYTICA DISEASE/S: AMEBIC COLITIS/DYSENTERY

"FLASK-SHAPED ULCER"

E. HISTOLYTICA DISEASE/S: A SMALL POINT OF ENTRY, LEADING VIA NARROW NECK THROUGH THE MUCOSA INTO AN EXPANDED NECROTIC AREA IN THE SUBMUCOSA

HEPATIC AMEBIASIS OR AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS (ALA)

E. HISTOLYTICA DISEASE/S: MOST COMMON FORM

AMEBOMA

E. HISTOLYTICA DISEASE/S: INFLAMMATORY OR GRANULOMATOUS TUMORLIKE MASS IN THE INTESTINE

VISCERAL AMEBIASIS

E. HISTOLYTICA DISEASE/S: LUNGS, SPLEEN,

BRAIN

STOOL EXAM

E. HISTOLYTICA DIAGNOSIS

E. HISTOLYTICA CYST

E. HISTOLYTICA DIAGNOSIS: QUADRINUCLEATED, WITH CIGAR-SHAPED CHROMATOIDAL BODY

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

HAS 4 NUCLEI

COMMENSAL AMOEBAE

AMEBA THAT LIVE IN OR ON ANOTHER ORGANISM (HOST) WITHOUT CAUSING HARM TO THE HOST

COMMENSAL AMOEBAE

THESE PARASITES BENEFIT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BY OBTAINING NUTRIENTS OR A PLACE TO LIVE, WHILE THE HOST IS TYPICALLY UNAFFECTED OR MAY EVEN BENEFIT FROM THE PRESENCE OF THE BACTERIA.

Endolimax nana CYST

CYST Size (μm) and shape: Measures 6-16 microns in diameter (oval)

Endolimax nana CYST

Comparison of amoebae — 4 nuclei in mature cyst

Endolimax nana CYST

Comparison of amoebae —

• Glycogen vacuole not seen

• Chromatoidal bars: not present

Endolimax nana CYST

• “Cross-eyed” cyst

Endolimax nana CYST

Clear halo around karyosomes

Endolimax nana CYST

• Smallest amoeba

• non-pathogenic