Bio Lab quiz 6

Functions of bone

Provide support, protection, electrolyte balance, make blood cells, balance pH levels, movement

main function of cartilage

help with mobility, cushion joints

how are bones classified

shape and size

Axial skeleton

Skeleton right down the midline of the body

What does the axial skeleton include?

Skull, hyoid, thorax, and vertebral column

bone markings

bulges, depressions, and holes

Tuberosity

Found on long bones. A large, rounded projection that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments. 

Crest

found on the hips. Narrow ridge of bone

Trochanter

found only on the femur. Large and irregularly shaped

Line marking

found on the surface of bones. narrow ridge of bone

Tubercle

found on the end of long bones. Small rounded projection on the end of bones

Epicondyle

Found on femur. Raised area on or above the condyle

Spine

Sharp and skinny pointy bone projection

Process bone marking

Refers to ANY bone marking

Head

Bony expansion that is connect to a narrow neck

Facet

Found on articular surfaces where they meet to form joints

Condyle

Rounded projection on articular surfaces

Ramus

armlike bar of bone. helps to form joints such as the ones in your jaw

Groove

narrow channel/depression/furrow

Fissure

Narrow, slit like opening to get blood vessels/nerves through

Foramen

round/oval opening through a bone

Notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

Compact bone

dense outer layer of bone

Spongy bone

lighter and less dense type of bone. looks like a honeycomb

Epiphysis

ends of long bones

metaphysis

the point of growth for bone

Diaphysis

The middle/shaft of the long bone

periosteum

The cover/outer membrane of the exterior of bone

osteon

Tree trunk looking bone. made up of concentric lamella, lacuna with osteocytes, and central/haversian canal

Concentric lamella

circle-like rings inside the osteon

Lacuna with osteocytes

small space that contains osteocytes. the osteocytes are enclosed within layers of bone

Central/haversian canal

located in the center of each osteon. Contains blood vessels and nerves

Interstitial lamella

thin layers of bone tissue between osteons

perforating/Volkmann canal

canal that allows blood vessels and nerves through bone to supply nutrients. also removes waste from bone

endosteum

thin membrane that surrounds the interior of bones

Canaliculi

microscopic channels within bone tissue. Allows communication and nutrient exchange between bone cells

Circumferential lamella

layers of bone tissue that encircle the inner and outer layers of bone.

frontal bone

the front bone that is your forehead

Parietal bones (2)

the top of your head

occipital bone

back of your head

temporal bones (2)

the sides of your head

ethmoid bone

internal bone located between your eyes

Sphenoid bone

Located in the middle of the skull. Butterfly shaped

Nasal bones (2)

2 bones located at the top of your nose before the cartilage

Lacrimal bones (2)

located in the medial wall of the orbit. Inner corner of the eye

zygomatic bones (2)

the cheek bones

Inferior nasal concha

1 bone in each nostril along lateral wall of nasal cartilage

Maxilla bones

located right above your cheeks. the bone that attaches where your teeth are

Vomer

bone located inside the nasal cavity. Constructs nasal septum

Mandible

Lower jawbone

palatine bones

Located in back of nasal cavity. Top roof of mouth

frontal sinus

sinus located on forehead within the frontal bone in the center of the forehead

ethmoid air cells (sinuses)

sinus found within ethmoid bone

Sphenoidal sinus

Sinus found inside sphenoid bone

Maxillary sinus

sinus found inside the maxilla

Coronal suture

separates frontal and parietal bones

Sagittal suture

Separates the 2 parietal bones

Squamous suture

separates the parietal bones from the temporal bones

lambdoid suture

separates parietal bones from occipital bone

Cervical curvature

contains 7 vertebrae at the top of the vertebral column. c1-c7

Thoracic curvature

contains 12 vertebrae. T1-T12

Lumber curvature

Contains 5 vertebrae. L1-L5

sacral curvature

contains 5 fused vertebrae and sacrum

Coccyx

Contains 4 fused vertebrae

Intervertebral discs

Cushions of fibrocartilage located between vertebrae in the spinal column

Jugular notch

Located at base of the neck, just above sternum

Clavicular notch

located near the top of your sternum. Serves as articulation sight for collarbones

Manubrium

broad, upper portion of the sternum. Big bone in the middle

Sternal angle

angle formed between the manubrium and the body of sternum. between T4 and T5

Xyphoid process

Small, triangular bone that forms the distal part of the sternum

True ribs

1-7

False ribs

8-10

Floating ribs

11 and 12

Head of rib

Part of rib that connects to the spine

Neck of rib

flattened part of the rib that extends laterally from the head of the rib

Tubercle of rib

Small. raised protrusion on the posterior of a rib

Angle of rib

point where a rib has the greatest curvature

Shaft of rib

Long, thin, and curved part of the rib

Costal cartilage

Cartilage that connects ribs to the sternum

Comminuted fracture

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. common in elderly people

Compression fracture

bone is crushed

spiral fracture

ragged break when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. Common sport injury

Epiphyseal fracture

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

Depressed fracture

Bone fracture portion is pressed inward. Common skull fracture

Greenstick fracture

bone breaks a little, other side bends. Bend but doesn’t break. Common in kids