Ophthalmic drugs

What drug class does bacitracin belong in?

antibiotic

What are the indications for bacitracin ophthalmic ointment?

bacterial eye infections (ex: conjunctivitis, blepharitis)

What are the contraindications for bacitracin ophthalmic ointment?

bacitracin allergy, viral or fungal infections of the eye

How should bacitracin ophthalmic ointment be dosed?

small amount (1 cm) applied to affected eye 1-3 times daily

What are side effects for bacitracin ophthalmic ointment?

mild eye irritation, redness, blurred vision immediately after application

What ophthalmological disorders is bacitracin ophthalmic ointment commonly prescribed for?

bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharitis

What is the generic name for alphagan P?

brimonidine tartrate

What drug class is brimonidine tartrate in?

alpha adrenergic receptor agonist

What is the mechanism of action of brimonidine?

reduce production of aqueous humor and increase uveoscleral outflow which helps lower intraocular pressure

What are the indications for brimonidine ophthalmic .1% solution?

reduce elevated intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

What ophthalmological disorders is brimonidine (alphagan) ophthalmic 0.1% solution commonly prescribed for?

open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

What is the trade name for ciloxan?

ciprofloxacin

What drug class is ciprofloxacin in?

fluoroquinolone antibiotic

What is the mechanism of action for ciprofloxacin?

inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase

What are the indications for ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

bacterial eye infections (ex: conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers)

What are the contraindications for ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

viral or fungal infections of the eye; ciprofloxacin or fluoroquinolone allergy

How would you dose ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) ophthalmic 0.3% soln for bacterial conjunctivitis?

1-2 drops in affected eye x2 hrs while awake for the first two days; then x4 hrs while awake for the next 5 days

How does the dosage for ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) ophthalmic 0.3% soln differ for a corneal ulcer vs bacterial conjunctivitis?

dosage is more frequent initially for a corneal ulcer

What ophthalmological disorders is ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) ophthalmic 0.3% soln commonly prescribed for?

bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers

What is the mechanism of action for cromolyn sodium?

prevent release of substances in the body the cause inflammation; stabilize mast cells

What are the indications for cromolyn sodium?

allergy sx affecting the eyes such as itching, burning, watering, swelling, redness, light sensitivity

What is the typical dosage for cromolyn sodium?

1-2 drops in each eye, 4-6 times a day at regular intervals

What ophthalmological disorders is cromolyn sodium commonly prescribed for?

vernal keratoconjuncitivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, vernal keratitis

What drug class does dorzolamide (trusopt) belong to?

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

What is the mechanism of action for dorzolamide?

inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase which reduces aqueous humor production and lowers intraocular pressure

What are the indications for dorzolamide (trusopt) ophthalmic 2% soln?

elevated intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma

What is the recommended dose for dorzolamide (trusopt) ophthalmic 2% soln?

1 drop in affected eye 3 times daily

What are side effects for dorzolamide (trusopt) ophthalmic 2% soln?

ocular burning, stinging, or discomfort immediately following administration; bitter taste, superficial punctate keratitis, ocular allergic reactions

What ophthalmological disorders is dorzolamide (trusopt) ophthalmic 2% soln commonly prescribed for?

ocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma

What are contraindications for ganciclovir (zirgan) ophthalmic 0.15% gel?

patients wearing contacts if they have sx of herpetic keratitis

What are side effects for ganciclovir (zirgan) ophthalmic 0.15% gel?

blurred vision, eye irritation, punctate keratitis, conjunctival hyperemia

What are ophthalmological disorders that ganciclovir (zirgan) ophthalmic 0.15% gel is commonly prescribed for?

acute herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulcers)

What is the mechanism of action for gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis which effectively kills the bacteria

What are the indications for gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

bacterial eye infections (ex: conjunctivitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, blepharitis, belpharoconjunctivitis, acute meibomianitis, dacryocystitis)

What are the contraindications for gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

gentamicin allergy; viral or fungal infections of the eye

What is the typical dosage for gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

1-2 drops in affected eye x4 hrs

What are side effects for gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

mild eye irritation, redness, and blurred vision immediately after application; severe burning, stinging, or irritation

What ophthalmological disorders is gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic 0.3% soln commonly prescribed for?

bacterial conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers

What drug class is ketorolac?

NSAID

What is the mechanism of action for ketorolac?

block production of prostaglandins

What are indications for ketorolac?

eye pain, burning, stinging, and swelling after corneal refractive surgery or cataract surgery

What ophthalmological disorders is ketorolac commonly prescribed for?

postoperative inflammation following cataract surgery and corneal refractive surgery

What drug class is latanoprost (xalatan)?

prostaglandin analog; ophthalmic glaucoma agent

What is the mechanism of action for latanoprost (xalatan)?

increase outflow of aqueous humor which lowers intraocular pressure

What are the indications for latanoprost (xalatan) ophthalmic 0.005% soln?

reduce elevated intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

What are contraindications for latanoprost (xalatan) ophthalmic 0.005% soln?

patients with active herpes simplex keratitis

What are side effects for latanoprost (xalatan) ophthalmic 0.005% soln?

increased pigmentation of iris, redness, stinging, burning, itching, dry eyes

What ophthalmological disorders is latanoprost (xalatan) ophthalmic 0.005% soln commonly prescribed for?

open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

What are indications for natamycin 5% ophthalmic suspension?

fungal infections of the eye

What ophthalmological disorders is natamycin 5% ophthalmic suspension commonly prescribed for?

fungal blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis

What are contraindications for ofloxacin (ocuflox) ophthalmic 0.3% soln?

viral or fungal infections of the eye

What ophthalmological disorders is ofloxacin (ocuflox) ophthalmic 0.3% soln commonly prescribed for?

bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers

What ophthalmological disorders is pilocarpine (pilopine) ophthalmic 1% soln prescribed for?

open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, acute angle closure glaucoma

What is the mechanism of action for trimethoprim and polymyxin B?

tri- inhibit bacterial growth; poly- kill bacteria

What ophthalmological disorders is trimethoprim / polymyxin B (polytrim) ophthalmic soln prescribed for?

acute bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharoconjunctivitis

What drug class does timolol (timoptic) belong to?

beta blocker; ophthalmic glaucoma agents

What is the mechanism of action for timolol (timoptic)?

reduce aqueous humor production lowering intraocular pressure

What are indications for timolol (timoptic) ophthalmic 0.5% soln?

elevated intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

What are contraindications for timolol (timoptic) ophthalmic 0.5% soln?

asthma, COPD, heart conditions such as sick sinus syndrome, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, heart failure, bradycardia

What is the typical dosage for timolol (timoptic) ophthalmic 0.5% soln?

1 drop in affected eye twice daily

What ophthalmological disorders is timolol (timoptic) ophthalmic 0.5% soln prescribed for?

open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

What drug class does trifluridine (viroptic) belong to?

ophthalmic anti-infective; antiviral

What is the mechanism of action for trifluridine (viroptic)?

inhibit viral DNA synthesis preventing replication of herpes simplex virus

What are indications for trifluridine (viroptic) ophthalmic 1% soln?

primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to herpes simplex 1 and 2

What ophthalmological disorders is trifluridine (viroptic) ophthalmic 1% soln prescribed for?

primary keratoconjunctivitis, recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HSV

What is the mechanism of action of valganciclovir?

inhibit viral DNA synthesis preventing replication of viruses

What are indications for valganciclovir?

cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS

What are contraindications for valganciclovir?

allergy to valganciclovir or ganciclovir; patients with severe neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia

What is the typical dosage for valganciclovir?

900 mg PO BID for 21 days

What ophthalmological disorders is valganciclovir prescribed for?

CMV retinitis