Urinary System

Acidosis

Acidosis

a condition in which the blood has an excess hydrogen ion concentration and a decreased pH

Aldosterone

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is important in sodium retention and reabsorption by kidney tubules .

Alkaline - ash diet

• a vegetarian diet that makes urine quite alkaline as the kidneys excrete the excess bases

Alkalosis

a condition in which the blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than normal

Bicarbonate buffer system

a mixture of carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) and its salt

Bilirubinuria

bile pigments in the urine due to hepatitis ( liver disease ) .

Cystitis

an inflammation of the urinary bladder

Diabetes insipidus

a disease characterized by passage of large amounts of dilute urine plus intense thirst and dehydration

a hypothalamus disorder is the cause

Escherichia coli

the most common bacteria to infect and inflame the urinary tract and cause urethritis and cystitis from childhood through late middle age

Filtration

the passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter .

Glomerulonephritis

severe impairment of kidney function

an autoimmune disease

Glycosuria

glucose in the urine due to diabetes mellitus

Hematuria

bleeding in the urinary tract ( due to trauma

Hemoglobinuria

hemolytic anemia caused by a transfusion reaction

Hydronephrosis

condition that can severely damage the kidney

the ureters become kinked and urine cannot pass through the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissue .

Hyperplasia

enlargement of the prostrate gland that surrounds the neck of the bladder in adult men which may cause voiding difficulty

Hypospadias

a condition of male children that involves opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis

Hypertrophy

an increase in the size of a tissue or organ dependent of the body's general growth .

Incontinence

occurs when we are unable to voluntarily control the external sphincter

Lithotripsy

Non-invasive procedure that uses ultrasound waves to shatter the calculi (kidney stones) and are painlessly eliminated in the urine

Micturition

urination

emptying the bladder

Nocturia

the need to get during the night to urinate

Nervous system development

control of the voluntary urethral sphincter in normal children

oliguria

an abnormally low urinary when it is between 100 and 400 ml / day

Osmoreceptors

highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that react to change in the blood composition ( that is

Polycystic kidney

the degenerative condition in which blister - like sacs ( cysts ) containing urine form on the kidneys and obstruct urine drainage . It appears to run in families when one or both kidneys are enlarged

Proteinuria

the passage of proteins in the urine

causes may be physical exertion

pregnancy

Polyuria

people with Addison's disease

Pyuria

urinary tract infections caused by WBC's and bacteria in the urine

Renin - angiotensin mechanism

the most important trigger for aldosterone release and is mediated by the renal tubules

Stds

sexually transmitted diseases that are primarily infections of the reproductive tracts but may also cause urinary tract infection

Trigone

the smooth triangular region of the bladder and is clinically important because infections tend to persist in this region

urea

the main nitrogen - containing waste excreted in the urine .

Ureter

tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder

Urethra

carries urine exiting the bladder by peristalsis and is typically shorter in females than in males

Urinary retention

A condition in which the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine. It often occurs after surgery and primarily in elderly men with enlarged prostate gland.

Urinary urgency

the desperate need to urinate

Urochrome

a pigment that results from the body's destruction of hemoglobin and the normal yellow color of urine