1.3 and 1.4 PLTW MI Review

killed/inactivate vaccines

A harmless pathogen that consists of recognizable antiges; typically boosters or larger doses

what kind of vaccine is used for rabies or polio?

killed/inactivate

live, annuated (weakened)

A weakened form of a pathogen typically involving a strong immune response (fewer boosters); SMALL risk of disease agent mutating back to pathogen form

what kind of vaccine is used for measlers, mmr, and varicella?

live, attenuated

similar pathogen

Uses pathogen that is less dangerous than the target pathogen, but produces an immune response that will also protect against the target pathogen

a scientist saw a similar infection on a cow’s udder as an almost exact replica of the disease: smallpox. What kind of vaccine is this an example of?

similar pathogen

subunit

Often associated with genetic engineering, genes for microbial antigen are inserted into plasmid then cloned into appropiate host cells (such as yeast). Host cells produce microbial antigen, which is the purified for vaccine production

what kind of vaccine is used for hepititis B?

subunit

DNA/RNA vaccines

DNA (or mRNA) instructins for the microbial organism are delivered to your cells, which then produce the antigen themselves via protein synthesis, leading to an immune response

what kind of vaccine is used for COVID and HIV?

DNA/RNA vaccines (COVID- mRNA and HIV- DNA)

toxoid

a purified toxin produced by the microbe is used to elicit an immune response

what kind of vaccine is used for tetanus?

toxiod

Passive Immunity

A type of immunity in which antibodies are passed on from another outside source to fight internal disease (often used when a patient is incapable of producing their own antibodies)

Active Immunity

A type of immunity in which antibodies are self-made.

Examples of passive immunity

Breastfeeding (natural) and monoclonal antibodies (artificial)

Examples of active immunity

[Natural] infection and vaccination [artificial]

What kind of hearing loss does this graph represent? What kind of graph is it?

This graph is a pure tone test. It represents a person with mild to moderate sesorineural hearing loss in their right ear

Weber & Rinne Test

Test comparing hearing loss through bone conduction vs. air conduction; measures sesorineural hearing loss.

Pure Tone Test

Graph representing sensorineural and conductive hearing loss at different frequencies.

Meniere’s diseae

A disorder caused by build of fluid in the chambers in the inner ear.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Affects inner ear: caused by inner ear (nerve pathway) damage

Conductive Hearing Loss

Affects outer and middle ear: caused by something physically stopping sounds rom getting through outer ear or middle ear

Edward Jenner

Scientist credited for the first vaccination (small pox and cow pox)

Recombinant DNA technology

Process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments (DNA is composed of the same nucleotides in all species which allows for the DNA to be combined to two different species; plasmid)

Subcutaneous (injection)

Injection to the subcutaneous tissue (third layer of skin)

ex. MMR

Intramuscular (injection)

Injection to the muscle (4th layer of skin)

ex. COVID

intradermal

Injection to the dermis (2nd layer of skin)

ex. TB

True or False: Oral vaccines don’t exist

False: Oral vaccines are availabe for a few dieases (ex. rotavirus)

Herd Immunity

Resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination.

Cohort Study

Taking the participants and studying them through a long period of time to attempt to find the origin for the epidemic

Case Control Study

Case: People with disease

Control: People without disease

Two groups are studied and compared through retrospection; observational studies

Epidemiology

The study and analysis of the distribution, patterns, etc. of health and disease conditions in a defined population.

blunt ends

sticky ends

Sticky ends are cuts of DNA that have DNA fragments on either side of the cut made by the restriction enzyme. Sticky ends are easier to combine with other DNA

Ideal cut for vaccination (plasmid to recombinant DNA)

1 for Bacteria

2 for Viruses

What does this graph represent?

An epicurve

Lygase

Acts like tape when binding sticky ends

Restriction enzymes

Acts like scissors cutting the preferred gene to add to the plasmid

To check if the recombinent DNA was successful you:

run it on PCR. If the gene was properly attatched, PCR will show two fragments at the same location.