AP World History - Unit 5: Revolutions

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment

17th and 18th centuries - humankind in relation to government

Divine Right

church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule - people had moral/religious obligation too obey

Social Contract

Governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

government should preserve peace/stability - all powerful rule, heavy-handed

John Locke (1632-1704)

Men are all born equal, mankind is good and rational - primary role of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights and revolting is justified if not

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

all men are equal, society organized according to general will of people - government is protection by community and both being free

Voltaire (1694-1778)

Espoused idea of religious toleration

Montesquieu (1689-1775)

separation of powers among branches of government

David Hume (1711-1776)

lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

an “invisible hand” will regulate economy if it is left alone

• Free market system (Capitalism)

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from use of only observation or only reason

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

criminals retain some rights and state should not practice cruel punishment

Enlightened monarchs

Utilized ideas of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life

Neoclassical Period

Middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture

American Revolution (1773-1781)

After British defeated France over American territory in Seven' Year’s War, Americans began revolting against British rulership until they eventually gained independence with aid from France

Laws Passed by British that Angered Americans

Revenue Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Tea Act (1773) - intended to raise funds for British government

Boston Tea Party Event (1775)

Event that Started American Revolution - colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act

Thomas Paine

wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy

French Revolution

French civilians began revolting against poor French monarchial leadership, but had difficulty developing new systems of government on their road to independence

What caused French Revolution?

France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts - Louis XVI proposed raising taxes to the Estates-General

• Third Estate was facing being shut out of new constitution - formed National Assembly in 1789 and peasants stormed the Bastille shortly after

Estates-General

governing body infrequently called by the kings - three estates with representatives:

1. First Estate: clergy

2. Second Estate: noble families

3. Third Estate: everyone else

Declaration of the Rights of Man

adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure - Established a constitutional monarchy at first, but new constitution development led to the Convention being the new ruling body

• France become a republic (led by Jacobins who later beheaded the king)

Committee of Public Safety

After French Convention threw out constitution again - enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people

• led by Maximilien Robespierre (beheaded in 1795 for another new constitution)

French Directory (1795)

another new French constitution - Built up military, with Napoleon Bonaparte as one of the generals

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and established the Napoleonic Codes

• Recognized equality of men

• Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military

• Power hungry and kept invading nearby countries

• Defeated at Waterloo in 1813 and Congress of Vienna occurred to discuss what to do with France

Congress of Vienna (1813)

Determined that France should be maintained through a balance of power with other European nations

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

France enslaved many Haitians, who eventually revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Jacques Dessalines, a former slave, became the first governor-general in 1804

Unrest in South America Over Spanish Colonization

Napoleon invaded Spain and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne in South America

• Colonists ejected French and appointed own leader in Venezuela, Simón Bolívar

Simón Bolívar

Established a national congress in South America (Venezuela) and eventually helped them declare independence from Spain in 1811

• Opposed by Spanish royalists, who declared a civil war against him

• Bolivar won eventually won freedom for Gran Colombia (Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela)

José de San Martin

Took command of Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian armies, and defeated many Spanish forces to also declare their independence from Spain

Independence in Brazil

John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal

• His son Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and declared it independent with a constitution

• Pedro’s son Pedro II took over and abolished slavery

Independence in Mexico

Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them

• Jose Morelos picked up where he left off and independence achieved in 1821 - Treaty of Cordoba

Treaty of Cordoba (1821

Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending - Mexico gained independence, soon followed by the rest of Central America

Neocolonialism

independent nations still controlled for economic and political interests

• Riches accumulated often stayed within wealthy landowning class

Mexican Revolution (1910-1917)

protest of neocolonialism - rejection of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship to protest impoverished conditions of civilians

Resistance in Peru

Tupac Amaru II led revolt in Peru against Spanish occupiers

• captured and executed, but inspired Latin American resistance movements and served as a symbol of liberation

Resistance in West Africa

Samory Touré established Islamic Wassoulou Empire in 1878, leading resistance against Frence

• Eventually captured, but his legacy inspired local resistance to French colonialism

Resistance in Sudan

Muhammad Ali of Egypt invaded Sudan in 1819, so Muhammad Ahmad led the Sudanese Mahadists in a revolt against his colonial rule - ultimately ended by British intervention

Resistance in US

Sioux performed a sacred ritual, the Ghost Dance, on their reservation to resist against US government

• US Army fired at Sioux and despite Sioux fighting back, 300 of them were killed

Industrial Revolution

New technologies caused an increase in manufacturing and agriculture causing many to flock to cities (Urbanization)

• Began in Britain in 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US

• Gave nations power to quickly exploit colony resources and be imperialists

New Advancements that Changed Production

1. Flying shuttle: sped up waving process

2. Spinning jenny: spinning vast amounts of thread

3. Cotton gin: invented by Eli Whitney - processed massive amounts of cotton quickly

4. Steam engine - Thomas Newcomer, James Watt

5. Steamship - Robert Fulton

6. Steam-powered Locomotive - George Stephenson

7. Telegraph: communication with great distances in seconds

8. Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

9. Lightbulb

10. Internal Combustion Engine for cars

11. Radio

Charles Darwin

British scientist who proposed theory of natural selection and changed way people viewed existence of the world

How did factories speed of creation of product?

• Interchangeable parts: machines could be replaces or fixed quickly

• Assembly line: each worker had one small part in production - man became the machine

Working Conditions of Factories

Workers were overworked, underpaid, and working in unsafe conditions - child labour was common

Industrialism Causing New Social Classes

• Aristocrats were those rich from industrial success

• Middle class of skilled professionals

• Huge working class

Karl Marx

Wrote The Communist Manifesto

• Working class take over means of production and all resources would be equally

• Marxism was foundation for socialism and communism

Luddites

European Marxist workers who destroyed equipment in middle of night to protest working conditions

Factory Act of 1883

Limited hours of each workday, restricted children from working, factory owners had to make conditions safer

• Labour Unions

• Living conditions improved - middle class became larger, public education increased, social mobility became more common

Nationalism Movement in Italy

• Count Camillo Cavour named prime minister of Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II who pushed for nationalism

• after Giuseppe Garibaldi, another nationalist, overthrew other Italian kingdoms, a lot of Italy was unified in 1861

Nationalism in Germany

When Otto von Bismarck was elected as prime minister by the Emperor, he defeated Austria and engaged in the Franco-Prussian War to create the new German Empire

• New emperor William II forced Bismarck to resign and built a huge military force

Nationalism in Russia

Alexander II began reforms in Russia - Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom but had little effect

• intellectual political group The People’s Will assassinated Alexander II over his ineffective leadership

• Alexander III started Russification: all had to learn the Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy

Nationalism

Desire of people of common cultural heritage to form independent nation-state/empires that protects their cultural identity