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AP World History - Unit 5: Revolutions

The Enlightenment

  • 17th and 18th centuries - humankind in relation to government

  • Divine Right: church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule - people had moral/religious obligation too obey

    • Question of ultimate authority

    • Mandate of Heaven in China - had to rule justly to be appreciated in heaven

  • Social contract: governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs

  • Philosophers of the age:

    1. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): government should preserve peace/stability - all powerful rule who ruled heavy-handed

    2. John Locke (1632-1704): men are all born equal, mankind is good and rational - primary role of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights and revolting is justified if not

    3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): all men are equal, society organized according to general will of people - government is protection by community and both being free

    4. Voltaire (1694-1778): espoused idea of religious toleration

    5. Montesquieu (1689-1775): separation of powers among branches of government

    6. David Hume (1711-1776): lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion

    7. Adam Smith (1723-1790): an “invisible hand” will regulate economy if it is left alone

    8. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

    9. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from use of only observation or only reason

    10. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794): criminals retain some rights and state should not practice cruel punishment

  • Enlightened monarchs: utilized ideas of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life

  • Neoclassical Period: middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture

Enlightenment Revolutions in the Americas and Europe

American Revolution

  • British defeated France over American territory - French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War - pushed France to northern territory

  • Americans revolting against British rulership

  • British passed laws on behalf of Crown for the American colonizers (George Grenville, Charles Townshend)

    • Revenue Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Tea Act (1773) intended to raise funds for British government

  • Colonizers opposed these laws and began battling British troops shortly after - Boston Tea Party (1773): colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act

  • Thomas Paine: wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy - 6 months later the Declaration of Independence was signed

  • France joined forces with Americans in 1777 and defeated the British in 1781 and the American democracy was created

French Revolution

  • France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts - Louis XVI proposed raising taxes to the Estates-General (governing body infrequently called by the kings)

    1. First Estate: clergy

    2. Second Estate: noble families

    3. Third Estate: everyone else

    • Representatives from each estate

  • Third Estate was facing being shut out of new constitution - formed National Assembly in 1789 out of protest and peasants stormed the Bastille shortly after

  • Declaration of the Rights of Man - adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure

  • Established a constitutional monarchy at first, but new constitution development led to the Convention being the new ruling body - France become a republic (led by Jacobins who later beheaded the king)

  • Convention threw out constitution again and created Committee of Public Safety: enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people

    • led by Maximilien Robespierre

  • French beheaded Robespierre in 1795 and established another new constitution with the Directory as the government

    • Built up military, with Napoleon Bonaparte as one of the generals

  • Napoleon overthrew the Directory in 1799 - Napoleonic Codes (1804) recognized equality of men, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military and fought other countries who eventually met to overthrow him (Prince von Metternich, Alexander I of Russia, Duke of Wellington)

    • Defeated him at Waterloo in 1813 and met at Congress of Vienna to discuss what to do with France

  • Congress of Vienna:

    • Balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe

    • Tried to erase French Revolution

Haiti:

  • France enslaved many Haitians, who eventually revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

    • Jacques Dessalines, a former slave, became governor-general in 1804

South America

  • Napoleon invaded Spain and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne -

    • Colonists ejected French governor and appointed own leader in Venezuela, SimĂłn BolĂ­var, who eventually helped them declare independence from Spain in 1811

  • Established a national congress, but was also opposed by Spanish royalists, who declared a civil war

  • BolĂ­var won freedom for Gran Colombia (Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela)

  • JosĂ© de San Martin: took command of Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian armies, and defeated many Spanish forces to also declare independence from Spain

Brazil

  • John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal -

    • His son Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and declared it independent with a constitution

      • His son Pedro II took over and abolished slavery

Mexico

  • priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them

    • Jose Morelos picked up where he left off

  • Independence achieved in 1821 - Treaty of Cordoba: Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending

  • Neocolonialism: independent nations still controlled by economic and political interests

    • Riches accumulated often stayed within wealthy landowning class

    • Mexican Revolution: protest of neocolonialism - rejection of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship to protest impoverished conditions

Other resistance movements:

  1. Peru

    • Tupac Amaru II led a revolt against Spanish occupiers and inspired further resistance movements

  2. West Africa

    • Samory Toure led resistance against French colonizers and inspired further resistance

  3. US

    • Sioux resisted the US government invading their land, but were shot at during their protests

  4. Sudan

    • Muhammad Ahdam led Mahadists in a revolt against colonial rule of Egypt but was stopped by the British

  • Slavery still existed in independent nations as well as class inequalities

  • Catholic Church still dominated

Comparison of Independence Movements

AmericanColonies 1764-1787

France 1789-1799

Haiti****1799-1804

Latin America****1810-1820s

Causes

Unfair taxationWar debt

Unfair taxationWar debt

French EnlightenmentSocial and racial inequalities

Social inequalitiesRemoval of peninsulares

Key Events

Boston Tea PartyContinental CongressDeclaration of IndependenceConstitution and Bill of Rights

Tennis Court OathNational AssemblyDeclaration of Rights of ManStorming Bastille Reign of Terror5 Man Directory

Civil warSlave revoltInvasion of Napoleon

Peasant revoltsCreole revoltsGran Colombia

Major Players

George IIIThomas PaineThomas JeffersonGeorge Washington

Louis XVIThree EstatesJacobin PartyRobespierre

BoukmanGens de CouleurToussaint L’OvertureNapoleon Bonaparte

Miguel HidalgoSimón BolívarJosé de San MartinEmperor Pedro I

Impacts

IndependenceFederal Democracy spreads - France, Haiti, Mexico

Rise of NapoleonCongress of ViennaConstitutional monarchy

IndependenceDestruction of economyAntislavery movements

IndependenceContinued inequalitiesFederal democracy (Mexico)Creole republicsConstitutional monarchy (Brazil)

Industry and Imperialism

  • Industrial revolution in Britain can not be separated from Imperialism

  • Industrial countries gained power quickly to exploit colony resources

  • Industrial Revolution: began in Britain in 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US

  • Agricultural output increased significantly again - more people moved to cities

    • Enclosure: public lands that were shared for farming became enclosed by fences

    • New farming technologies

    • Urbanization was natural - London grew to over 6 million people

  • Domestic system (most work being done on farms or at home or at small shops) preceded

  • New advancements that changed production:

    1. Flying shuttle: sped up waving process

    2. Spinning jenny: spinning vast amounts of thread

    3. Cotton gin: invented by Eli Whitney - processed massive amounts of cotton quickly

    4. Steam engine - Thomas Newcomer, James Watt

    5. Steamship - Robert Fulton

    6. Steam-powered Locomotive - George Stephenson

    7. Telegraph: communication with great distances in seconds

    8. Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

    9. Lightbulb

    10. Internal Combustion Engine for cars

    11. Radio

  • Also major developments in medicine and science, theory of natural selection (Charles Darwin)

  • Rapid creation of products was done in factories

    • Interchangeable parts: machines could be replaces or fixed quickly

    • Assembly line: each worker had one small part in production - man became the machine

    • Workers were overworked, underpaid, and working in unsafe conditions - child labour was common

    • Despairing conditions

  • Formation of new social classes - aristocrats were those rich from industrial success, middle class of skilled professionals, huge working class

  • Adam Smith: success achieved through private ownership and free market system (capitalism) - governments removed from regulation = laissez-faire capitalism

    • Start of stock market and other financial instruments

  • Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto - working class take over means of production and all resources would be equally - Marxism was foundation for socialism and communism

    • Luddites: workers who destroyed equipment in middle of night to protest working conditions

    • Marxism mixed with capitalist thought to create partly socialist systems in many places

  • Major split among intellectuals and policymakers in regards to response to inhumane factory conditions

  • Factory Act of 1883: limited hours of each workday, restricted children from working, factory owners had to make conditions safer

    • Labour Unions: vehicles for employees to bargain for better conditions

    • Living conditions improved - middle class became larger, public education increased, social mobility became more common

    • Slave trade abolished in 1807 in Britain

    • Women became more limited to their traditional roles

Nationalist Movements and Other Developments

  • Nationalism was strong after Napoleonic era

  • France, Spain, Portugal, Britain, Russia had unified

  • Italy and Germany, which were city-states took longer to unify and alter balance of European power

    • Italy: Count Camillo Cavour named prime minister of Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II who pushed for nationalism - after Giuseppe Garibaldi, another nationalist overthrew other Italian kingdoms, a lot of Italy was unified in 1861

    • Germany: Prussia, which controlled a lot of present-day Germany, under the rule of William I who appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister, defeated Austria and engaged in the Franco-Prussian War to create the new German Empire

      • New emperor William II forced Bismarck to resign and built a huge military force

  • Other Nationalist Movements:

  • Russia:

    • Romanov czars had absolute power in 19th century

    • Alexander II began reforms - Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom but had little effect

    • Small middle class began to emerge which led to an intellectual political group The People’s Will assassinating Alexander II

    • In response, Alexander III started Russification: all had to learn the Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy

  • Ottoman Empire: was at danger of collapse so Britain and France worked to maintain it to prevent Russia from gaining control over Mediterranean

The Growth of Nationalism

  • Desire of people of common cultural heritage to form independent nation-state/empires that protects their cultural identity

  • Had major influence and effects all over the world

M

AP World History - Unit 5: Revolutions

The Enlightenment

  • 17th and 18th centuries - humankind in relation to government

  • Divine Right: church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule - people had moral/religious obligation too obey

    • Question of ultimate authority

    • Mandate of Heaven in China - had to rule justly to be appreciated in heaven

  • Social contract: governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs

  • Philosophers of the age:

    1. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): government should preserve peace/stability - all powerful rule who ruled heavy-handed

    2. John Locke (1632-1704): men are all born equal, mankind is good and rational - primary role of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights and revolting is justified if not

    3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): all men are equal, society organized according to general will of people - government is protection by community and both being free

    4. Voltaire (1694-1778): espoused idea of religious toleration

    5. Montesquieu (1689-1775): separation of powers among branches of government

    6. David Hume (1711-1776): lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion

    7. Adam Smith (1723-1790): an “invisible hand” will regulate economy if it is left alone

    8. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

    9. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from use of only observation or only reason

    10. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794): criminals retain some rights and state should not practice cruel punishment

  • Enlightened monarchs: utilized ideas of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life

  • Neoclassical Period: middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture

Enlightenment Revolutions in the Americas and Europe

American Revolution

  • British defeated France over American territory - French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War - pushed France to northern territory

  • Americans revolting against British rulership

  • British passed laws on behalf of Crown for the American colonizers (George Grenville, Charles Townshend)

    • Revenue Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Tea Act (1773) intended to raise funds for British government

  • Colonizers opposed these laws and began battling British troops shortly after - Boston Tea Party (1773): colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act

  • Thomas Paine: wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy - 6 months later the Declaration of Independence was signed

  • France joined forces with Americans in 1777 and defeated the British in 1781 and the American democracy was created

French Revolution

  • France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts - Louis XVI proposed raising taxes to the Estates-General (governing body infrequently called by the kings)

    1. First Estate: clergy

    2. Second Estate: noble families

    3. Third Estate: everyone else

    • Representatives from each estate

  • Third Estate was facing being shut out of new constitution - formed National Assembly in 1789 out of protest and peasants stormed the Bastille shortly after

  • Declaration of the Rights of Man - adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure

  • Established a constitutional monarchy at first, but new constitution development led to the Convention being the new ruling body - France become a republic (led by Jacobins who later beheaded the king)

  • Convention threw out constitution again and created Committee of Public Safety: enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people

    • led by Maximilien Robespierre

  • French beheaded Robespierre in 1795 and established another new constitution with the Directory as the government

    • Built up military, with Napoleon Bonaparte as one of the generals

  • Napoleon overthrew the Directory in 1799 - Napoleonic Codes (1804) recognized equality of men, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military and fought other countries who eventually met to overthrow him (Prince von Metternich, Alexander I of Russia, Duke of Wellington)

    • Defeated him at Waterloo in 1813 and met at Congress of Vienna to discuss what to do with France

  • Congress of Vienna:

    • Balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe

    • Tried to erase French Revolution

Haiti:

  • France enslaved many Haitians, who eventually revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

    • Jacques Dessalines, a former slave, became governor-general in 1804

South America

  • Napoleon invaded Spain and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne -

    • Colonists ejected French governor and appointed own leader in Venezuela, SimĂłn BolĂ­var, who eventually helped them declare independence from Spain in 1811

  • Established a national congress, but was also opposed by Spanish royalists, who declared a civil war

  • BolĂ­var won freedom for Gran Colombia (Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela)

  • JosĂ© de San Martin: took command of Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian armies, and defeated many Spanish forces to also declare independence from Spain

Brazil

  • John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal -

    • His son Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and declared it independent with a constitution

      • His son Pedro II took over and abolished slavery

Mexico

  • priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them

    • Jose Morelos picked up where he left off

  • Independence achieved in 1821 - Treaty of Cordoba: Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending

  • Neocolonialism: independent nations still controlled by economic and political interests

    • Riches accumulated often stayed within wealthy landowning class

    • Mexican Revolution: protest of neocolonialism - rejection of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship to protest impoverished conditions

Other resistance movements:

  1. Peru

    • Tupac Amaru II led a revolt against Spanish occupiers and inspired further resistance movements

  2. West Africa

    • Samory Toure led resistance against French colonizers and inspired further resistance

  3. US

    • Sioux resisted the US government invading their land, but were shot at during their protests

  4. Sudan

    • Muhammad Ahdam led Mahadists in a revolt against colonial rule of Egypt but was stopped by the British

  • Slavery still existed in independent nations as well as class inequalities

  • Catholic Church still dominated

Comparison of Independence Movements

AmericanColonies 1764-1787

France 1789-1799

Haiti****1799-1804

Latin America****1810-1820s

Causes

Unfair taxationWar debt

Unfair taxationWar debt

French EnlightenmentSocial and racial inequalities

Social inequalitiesRemoval of peninsulares

Key Events

Boston Tea PartyContinental CongressDeclaration of IndependenceConstitution and Bill of Rights

Tennis Court OathNational AssemblyDeclaration of Rights of ManStorming Bastille Reign of Terror5 Man Directory

Civil warSlave revoltInvasion of Napoleon

Peasant revoltsCreole revoltsGran Colombia

Major Players

George IIIThomas PaineThomas JeffersonGeorge Washington

Louis XVIThree EstatesJacobin PartyRobespierre

BoukmanGens de CouleurToussaint L’OvertureNapoleon Bonaparte

Miguel HidalgoSimón BolívarJosé de San MartinEmperor Pedro I

Impacts

IndependenceFederal Democracy spreads - France, Haiti, Mexico

Rise of NapoleonCongress of ViennaConstitutional monarchy

IndependenceDestruction of economyAntislavery movements

IndependenceContinued inequalitiesFederal democracy (Mexico)Creole republicsConstitutional monarchy (Brazil)

Industry and Imperialism

  • Industrial revolution in Britain can not be separated from Imperialism

  • Industrial countries gained power quickly to exploit colony resources

  • Industrial Revolution: began in Britain in 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US

  • Agricultural output increased significantly again - more people moved to cities

    • Enclosure: public lands that were shared for farming became enclosed by fences

    • New farming technologies

    • Urbanization was natural - London grew to over 6 million people

  • Domestic system (most work being done on farms or at home or at small shops) preceded

  • New advancements that changed production:

    1. Flying shuttle: sped up waving process

    2. Spinning jenny: spinning vast amounts of thread

    3. Cotton gin: invented by Eli Whitney - processed massive amounts of cotton quickly

    4. Steam engine - Thomas Newcomer, James Watt

    5. Steamship - Robert Fulton

    6. Steam-powered Locomotive - George Stephenson

    7. Telegraph: communication with great distances in seconds

    8. Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

    9. Lightbulb

    10. Internal Combustion Engine for cars

    11. Radio

  • Also major developments in medicine and science, theory of natural selection (Charles Darwin)

  • Rapid creation of products was done in factories

    • Interchangeable parts: machines could be replaces or fixed quickly

    • Assembly line: each worker had one small part in production - man became the machine

    • Workers were overworked, underpaid, and working in unsafe conditions - child labour was common

    • Despairing conditions

  • Formation of new social classes - aristocrats were those rich from industrial success, middle class of skilled professionals, huge working class

  • Adam Smith: success achieved through private ownership and free market system (capitalism) - governments removed from regulation = laissez-faire capitalism

    • Start of stock market and other financial instruments

  • Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto - working class take over means of production and all resources would be equally - Marxism was foundation for socialism and communism

    • Luddites: workers who destroyed equipment in middle of night to protest working conditions

    • Marxism mixed with capitalist thought to create partly socialist systems in many places

  • Major split among intellectuals and policymakers in regards to response to inhumane factory conditions

  • Factory Act of 1883: limited hours of each workday, restricted children from working, factory owners had to make conditions safer

    • Labour Unions: vehicles for employees to bargain for better conditions

    • Living conditions improved - middle class became larger, public education increased, social mobility became more common

    • Slave trade abolished in 1807 in Britain

    • Women became more limited to their traditional roles

Nationalist Movements and Other Developments

  • Nationalism was strong after Napoleonic era

  • France, Spain, Portugal, Britain, Russia had unified

  • Italy and Germany, which were city-states took longer to unify and alter balance of European power

    • Italy: Count Camillo Cavour named prime minister of Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II who pushed for nationalism - after Giuseppe Garibaldi, another nationalist overthrew other Italian kingdoms, a lot of Italy was unified in 1861

    • Germany: Prussia, which controlled a lot of present-day Germany, under the rule of William I who appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister, defeated Austria and engaged in the Franco-Prussian War to create the new German Empire

      • New emperor William II forced Bismarck to resign and built a huge military force

  • Other Nationalist Movements:

  • Russia:

    • Romanov czars had absolute power in 19th century

    • Alexander II began reforms - Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom but had little effect

    • Small middle class began to emerge which led to an intellectual political group The People’s Will assassinating Alexander II

    • In response, Alexander III started Russification: all had to learn the Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy

  • Ottoman Empire: was at danger of collapse so Britain and France worked to maintain it to prevent Russia from gaining control over Mediterranean

The Growth of Nationalism

  • Desire of people of common cultural heritage to form independent nation-state/empires that protects their cultural identity

  • Had major influence and effects all over the world

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