APUSH: Period 8 Part 1 IDs

1. Alger Hiss

Accused of being a communist sympathizer but turned out to be guilty of perjury in 1950 after lying to the court

2. McCarthyism/2nd Red Scare

McCarythyism: irraitonal fear of communist infiltrators working to undermine America; Stalin’s grip of Eastern Europe, fall of China to Mao Zedong, and a communist insurgency in North Korea

3. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

The main vehicle through which McCarthy accused, questioned, and blacklisted “communists”

4. Executive Order 9981

Ended segregation of the U.S. military

5. NSC-68

Truman wanted to expand the military after a report (1950) recommended to invest in military spending and build nuclear arsenal (military force over diplomacy)

6. Dixiecrats

Pro-segregation Democrats who vote from the State’s Rights Democratic Party

7. Taft-Hartley Act

1948 Act that undermined national unionization efforts by making it illegal to have union-workers only workplaces; Truman vetoed, but still was implimented

8. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

1944 (G.I. Bill) Act that allowed young veteran men to obtain diplomas, purchase homes, and recieve vocational job training with low-interest loans

9. Defense spending in the 1950s

Accounted for 10% of the American economy, public revenue going to the military

10. Douglas MacArthur and Japan

MacArthur oversaw the money and American troops in Japan as Japan was rebuilding

11. Tehran Conference

A conference between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill about the future of the Allied strategy, agreeing that an eventual invasion of France was necessary and Soviets would support American action against Japan

12. Yalta Conference

A conference in feb. 1945 where Stalin promised free elections in any nation liberated by the Soviet Union; League of Nations needed to be replaced

13. Potsdam Conference

A conference in summer 1945 agreeing to demilitarize and restructure Germany

14. Division of Germany

Germany becomes 4 zones, West Germany, controlled by the U.S., Britain, and France - becomes industrialized, democratic, capitalist, and East Germany, controlled by the USSR - becomes a puppet government, communist

15. United Nations

1945 Organization working to maintain international peace; General Assembly: every member nation is represented, Security Council: 15 members with 5 permanent members to prevent global war

16. Formation of Israel

1948 Zionists had been advocating for a Jewish homeland

17. Collective security

An aggressor to one country is an aggressor to all, so we all must work collectively to stop the aggressor

18. Iron Curtain speech

1946 speech by Churchill giving a metaphor of a wall that the USSR has built to keep their country hidden, showing that Stalin is taking too much control

19. Containment

Preventing the expansion of communism because it would hurt the U.S. economy if communism spread

20. Long Telegram

1946 Gives the history of communism and the USSR, saying that Russia is ruthlessly expansionary and the U.S. must keep Russia in check

21. George Kennan

Lives in the USSR but is an American, writes the Long Telegram

22. Truman Doctrine

1947 The U.S. should support countries threatened by communist ideals of USSR, specifically Greece and Turkey (economies are especially bad); totaled $400 million

23. Marshall Plan

1948 Funding was given to European counties from 1948 to 1952, totaling $12 billion in American aid to 16 countries; prompted by the spread of communism to Czechoslovakia

24. Berlin Airlift

1948-49 With a blockade on West Berlin, the U.S. flies over East Germany and drops resources over West Berlin

25. NATO

1949 a “mutual defense organization” (military alliance), and with U.S. involvement, the U.S. cannot go back to isolationism; helps with containment

26. Warsaw Pact

1955 A mirrored NATO (military alliance) for the USSR

27. Chiang Kai-Shek

The nationalist leader of China; the U.S. gives him $400 million to contain communism, ends up fleeing to Taiwan

28. Mao Tse-Tung (Zedong)

A communist leader trying to take over China, successful in 1949; creates a “Great Leap Forward,” detailing the future of China

29. Sino-Soviet pact

1950 An agreement between the Soviets and China to help each other and spread communism

30. Superpower

A nation with exceptional military might

31. Nikita Khrushchev

After Stalin died in 1953, he takes office in Russia

32. Destalinization

Nikita Khrushchev denounces Stalin’s brutality and closed down most Siberian prison camps

33. Sputnik

The first space rocket, launched by the USSR in October of 1957

34. NASA

A space program created by the U.S. in 1958

35. U-2 incident

An American U-2 plane was shot down over the USSR over allegations of spying (claimed to be a weather place, but revealed to be mapping military installations in the USSR); U-2 was flown by Francis Gary Powers

36. Interstate Highway System

Created a system of multi-lane highways for easy and efficient ways to drive across the nation

37. 22nd Amendment

1947 Limiting presidents to a two-term maximum

38. Operation PBSUCCESS

The new president of Guatemala (Jacobo Árbenz) wanted to reform the United Fruit Company, so the CIA tries to remove him from office, fearing that the acceptance of Soviet weapons would leave Guatemala susceptible to communism

39. Operation AJAX

Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran wanted oil reserves to be in the hands of the people and not Britain, but British intelligence and CIA saw a threat to Western control, pushing Mosaddegh out of power in 1953 and replacing him with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

40. Suez Crisis

1956 Egypt nationalist leader Gmmal Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, a key transportation route and access to trade, so Britain, France, and Israel declare war, and Nasser asks for aid from the USSR. The U.S. offers aid to Egypt

41. Assassination of Patrice Lumumba

The first post-independence president of Congo wanted control over natural resources, but the U.S. feared that he would allow Soviet companies to access these resources, so the CIA and Belgium fund his political enemies

42. Division of Korea

Division at the 38th parallel; Northern zone: Kim Il Sung, communism, Soviet control, and Southern zone: Syngman Rhee, U.S. control

43. MacArthur and Korea

Northern Koreans want to unite the peninsula as one communist country, invade South Korea in 1950. MacArthur leads UN forces, pushing North Koreans back north of the 38th parallel (and dropping bombs). In November, the North pushes the South down again. MacArthur wants to be aggressive and invade North Korea and wipe out communism in China

44. Result of Korean war

The fighting is over in June of 1953 with a cease-fire and reestablishing the border at the 38th parallel

45. Massive Retaliation

The build-up of weapons to retaliate bigger when the USSR attacks

46. John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower’s Secretary of State who wants a more aggressive approach to the Cold War and dealing with communism

47. Military Industrial Complex

In Eisenhower’s farewell speech, he gives a warning about how the arms race is out of control, leading to negative affects on the U.S. government and culture

48. Arms race

The U.S. and USSR are both stockpiling weapons to prepare for an attack

49. JFK becomes president

In the 1960 election, he becomes president, first Catholic and youngest president. Shown as likeable in the tevelised presidential debates. Wanted to protect democracy.

50. New Frontier

JFK’s domestic policy of expanding on social welfare programs (tax cuts and education investments), creating the peace corps, believing in racial issues (but not leading), and increasing the funding for the space program

51. Peace Corps

A volunteer organization to work in less-developed countries to promote world peace and friendship

52. Race to the Moon

53. Air conditioning effect

A common household fixture in the 1950s

54. Population shift in the 1950s

More families are now considered “middle class," more spread on innovative technology

55. “The Affluent Society” / “The Other America”

Galbraith pointed out that 1 in 13 Americans live below the poverty line, and Harrington revealed that the lingering disparities in wealth and opportunity of those left out of the middle class revolution

56. National Defense Education Act

1958 Invested in science and technology research on the idea that a well-educated society was the key to beating the USSR

57. Levittown

A spacious and affordable model of suburban housing in New York, by Lewitt and Sons Company

58. Baby Boom

Birth rates reaching a peak in 1947-64, giving birth to one of the largest generations: kept the demand for housing and consumption of household items for children

59. Car culture of the 1950s

Establishment of entertainment venues, a highway system, the classic 4 door Sedan; National car ownership rate was on top of the world

60. American Bandstand

A televised program with guest audience dancing to popular music and live performances from the top 50 artists, music was mostly “rock-n-roll”

61. Television of the 1950s

80% of American homes had access to one television set; News/sports broadcasts were joined by 30 minute sitcoms

62. Suburbanization

An increase in demand for single-family housing, on land on the edge of urban centers, designed for the middle class

63. Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961 An invasion where the group of anti-communist Cuban rebels who were given weapons by the U.S. and trained on how to use them, but lost

64. Berlin Wall

Khruschchev asked JFK to let the USSR take control of Berlin in 1961 but JFK refuses. In August 1961, the USSR starts building a wall (up until 1989)

65. Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 U.S. doesn’t like the relationship between the USSR and Cuba, afraid there are missiles in Cuba. 2) Warning to USSR about a possible attack 3)

66. Flexible Response

JFK’s presidency. Try to make a more calm compromise, not straight to nukes

67. Assassination of JFK

November 22, 1963, and Lyndon B. Johnson will become the new president