10 English Language - Modes and Subsystems (Sem 1 Exam revision)

Parts of speech

Parts of speech

(word class) noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, determiner

Language Subsystems

1. Discourse

2. Morphology

3. Lexicology/semantics

4. Phonology

5. Syntax

Morphology

structure of words (inflections and word formation)

Free morphemes

can stand alone, (individual words) e.g. skip, jump, milk, hippopotamus, etc.

Bound morphemes

doesn't make sense on it's own, e.g -er, -ing, -ly, etc. change the meaning of free morphemes (are affixes) e.g jump'ed', milk'ed', laugh'ing', slow'ly', etc.

Derivational morphemes

(suffix or prefixes) change the meaning and/or word class. e.g. tie > 'un'tie, decide > decision, farm > farm'ing',

inflectional morphemes

(suffixes) DON'T change meaning or word class. DOES change number, tense, gender etc. e.g. explore's', cat's', jump'ed', bachelor'ette', slow'est' etc.

roots

can categorise word meanings e.g. semi-, un-, bi-, tele-, bio-, etc

Initialism

abbrievation(said as individual letters) e.g. L-O-L, F-B-I, C-I-A, F-Y-I etc.

Acronym

abbrievation (combining words into one word) e.g. ASAP, PIN, AIDS, AWOL, NASA, etc

Modes of language

spoken, written, signed (sign language, paralinguistics (hand gestures, movements).

Sentence Types

I-DIE Interrogative Declarative Imperative Exclamatives

Interrogative

asks a question (ends in question mark) e.g. where are you? are you well? etc.

Declarative

makes a statement (end in full stop) e.g. I am going to the doctor. etc.

Imperative

Gives a demand. (ends in full stop or eclamationmmark) e.g. Do not touch the wall. Look over ther! Get here right now! etc.

Exclamatives

says something with emotion. (Ends in an exclamation mark) e.g. Stop, theif! Gosh, what a day! You look great! etc.

Sentence structure

simple, compound, complex, compound-complex

Independant vs dependent clause

IC- makes sense DC- Doesn't make sense E.g. IC- Jane ate pasta. DC- because she was hungry.

complement

Two types

1. adds information to the SUBJECT. e.g. The (algebra (subject) is ('difficult' (complement)

2. adds information to the OBJECT. e.g. Practice makes (algebra (object) 'easy' (complement)

simple sentence

ONE independent clause. (subject and verb) e.g. 'Joe (subject)' 'waited (verb)' for the train.

compound sentence

TWO or MORE independent clauses e.g. 'I like coffee.(IC)' 'Mary likes tea.(IC)' >> 'I like coffee and Mary likes tea.'

complex sentence

has ONE independent clause and ONE OR MORE dependent clause. e.g. 'Because my pizza was cold (DC)', 'I put it in the microwave (IC)'.

compound-complex sentence

TWO OR MORE independent clauses and ONE OR MORE dependent clauses. e.g. 'While the rain fell (DC),' 'the baby slept (IC)' 'and (coordinating conjunction)' 'the mother watched (IC).'

active voice

most sentences are written in an active voice. subject > verb > object e.g. - (he (subject) (stopped (action - verb) the (car (object - thing receiving the action) suddenly.

• (Mary (subject) (baked (action -verb) the (cake (object).

passive voice

object > verb > subject e.g. The (cake (object) was (baked (verb) by (Mary (subject).

Situational context

behaviour and action in the situation FUNCTION: main purpose of the text. e.g. inform, persuade, entertain, etc. FIELD/SUBJECT MATTER: classification. e.g. education, entertainment etc. MODE: spoken/written/signed TEXT TYPE: e.g. podcast, advetisement, speech, etc. PARTICIPANTS/RELATIONS: interation. e.g. host/guest, teacher/student

Cultural context

how culture affects behaviour.

Lexemes

• unit of words, (main heading in a dictionary), doesn't change meaning e.g. Lexeme run: forms: runs , running, ran e.g. Lexeme find: forms, finding, found, finds

Neogilism

a newly formed word or formed through existing words. (abbrieviations, acronyms etc.) e.g. breakfast + lunch = brunch e.g. spoon + fork = spork

Linguistics

study of language and it's structure