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What is gynecology?
The branch of medicine that deals with health maintenance and diseases of the female reproductive system
Define Amenorrhea
Absence or cessation of the menstrual period
Define Cervix
The lower narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Define Colposcopy
Examination of the cervix using a colposcope
(a lighted instrument with a magnifying lens)
Define Dysmenorrhea
Pain that is associated with the menstrual period
Define Dysplasia
The growth of abnormal cells
What is the purpose of a pelvic examination?
To assess the size, shape, and location of the reproductive organs and to detect the presence of disease
What position is the patient in for the exam?
Lithotomy position
Almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by what?
human papillomavirus (HPV)
Box 23.3: American Cancer Society Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations
Summarized Recommendations
Cervical Cancer Testing Age: Start Pap testing at age 21; no testing for those under 21.
Ages 21-29 Testing Frequency: Pap test every 3 years; HPV testing only after an abnormal Pap result.
Ages 30-65 Testing Options: Preferred is Pap plus HPV (cotesting) every 5 years; alternative is Pap test every 3 years.
High-Risk Screening: Higher frequency screening for women at increased risk or with abnormal Pap results.
Ages 65+ Testing Guidelines: No testing if regular screenings were normal in the past 10 years; stop testing if no issues; continue testing for 20 years if there's a history of serious pre-cancer.
Post-Hysterectomy Testing: No testing needed for women who've had a total hysterectomy for non-cancer reasons and have no relevant medical history.
What is a pap test? What does the pap test try to detect?
It is a simple and painless cytology evaluation used to detect abnormal cells that may develop into cervical cancer if not treated
Most abnormal cells found on a pap test are caused by what?
Infection and inflammation
What is the human papillomavirus test?
A DNA test that detects the genetic material of high risk types of HPV that have infected the cervical cells
The patient should be instructed to schedule a cervical cancer screening approximately when?
10 to 20 days after the first day of her LMP
What is the LMP?
Last menstrual period
What other STI often occurs with gonorrhea?
Chlamydia
Genital herpes occur most commonly in what age group?
14 to 49
What are the two types of herpes?
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
and
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
What is the treatment for the herpes virus?
Daily dose of antiviral medication
Why does HPV spread so rapidly?
They are transmitted through skin to skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
With a low risk of HPV, there is a low risk of what?
Causing cancer
What can develop with a low-risk case?
Genital warts
With a high-risk case of HPV, there is a high risk of what?
Causing cancer
Patients are asked to provide a urine specimen at each returning prenatal visit.
What does the medical assistant test for?
Glucose and protein
What disorder is the most common in pregnancy, affecting 10% to 12% of all pregnanices?
Hypertension
