Anatomy Exam 3

What forms the maxilla?

The 2 complex bones joining at midline, one on left and one on right

What is the alveolar process of the maxilla?

It is the tooth bearing process of maxilla and mandible

What is the sphenoid?

The bone of the roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity

What are the parts of the mandible?

the body, angle, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, and alveolar process

what is the ramus?

a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure, nearly vertical part

what is the angle of the mandible?

The 2 sides of the mandible joined at the front

Which ligaments stabilize/limit movements of the temporomandibular joints?

stylomandibular,  sphenomandibular, temporomandibular

where does the temporomandibular joint move?

moves at condylar process

What does the hinge-like movement of the mandible look like?

Raising and lowering movements of the  mandible relative to the skull 

What does the root of the tongue form?

the front wall of laryngopharynx

What is the buccal cavity?

The buccal cavity is the area inside the mouth, bounded by the cheeks, gums, and teeth. It is also known as the oral cavity.

What is muscle structure/insertion?

Muscle insertion refers to the point where a muscle attaches to a bone that moves during muscle contraction. It is typically located at the distal end of the muscle, opposite the origin. The structure of muscle insertion can vary depending on the type of muscle and its function.

What are muscles that run from the back to the front of tongue?

Superior and inferior  longitudinal muscles 

 Which muscle does genioglossus muscle have an extensive intertwining of its fibers with?

With muscles fibers of  the intrinsic muscles  

Orbicularis oris muscle is only lip muscles with

intrinsic lip muscle fibers

Transverse muscle

runs from one side of the tongue to the other

what is the anatomical structure of the tongue?

The bulk of the tongue is made up of muscles plus non-muscular connective tissue It is composed of several muscles, including the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, which allow for its movement and manipulation.

what is the muscle movement of the styloglossus muscle?

moves tongue upward and backward

what is the muscle movement of the masseter muscle and internal pterygoid muscle?

 they form a sling around the mandible

What are the three muscles that pull down on the mandible attachment?

the digastric, the geniohyoid, and the mylohyoid muscles

What are the movements of the external pterygoid muscle?

slides the mandible forward relative to the skull, and moves mandible forward without raising/lowering it

What are the muscle movements of the depressor anguli oris muscle and incisivus labii inferioris muscle?

can can pull lower lip downwards

what is the muscle movement of the palatoglossus muscle?

contraction can move the tongue upward 

What does the transverse muscle do?

The tongue will narrow and lengthen upon contraction 

What activity activates all three possible motions of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints?

chewing

how many permanent teeth do adults have?

32 permanent teeth

The tongue flattens when

vertical muscles contract

Muscle pressure is the most significant contributor to the

variable of contact pressure between  pharyngeal-oral structures 

If a cross-section of pharyngeal-oral lumen increases

airway resistance decreases 

where do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue have motor innervation from?

 cranial nerve XII

when is turbulence created?

when Air flows through a part of the pharyngeal-oral lumen with a narrow constriction 

what is the difference between high front and high back vowels?

the major constriction for front vowels is  closer to the lips than the major constriction for back vowel

what is the difference between high mid and low vowels?

 The degree of their major constriction

what does the coding of manner of production for consonants specify?

 the way in which structures of the  pharyngeal-oral apparatus constrict or obstruct the airstream during sound production

what is similar about affricatives and stop plosives?

they have have similar production starts

what are alveolar consonants?

The “s” sound and the “t” sound

What are cognate pairs and which types of consonants have them?

plosives (aka stops), fricatives, and affricates are the types of consonants that have cognate pairs

Why are the vowels/semivowels/nasals not classified as voiced/voiceless?

Because all of these sound classes are only voiced in English 

what is Forward (anticipatory) coarticulation?

occurs when the articulatory characteristics of an upcoming sound influence the characteristics of a currently produced sound

what is backward (carryover) coarticulation?

when a currently articulated sound is influenced by the articulatory characteristics of a previous sound in the speech production stream

what is the feature-spreading model of coarticulation?

during speech production, the features of a phoneme can spread to neighboring phonemes, influencing their articulation. says that coarticulation is not just a result of overlapping gestures, but rather a systematic spreading of phonetic features.

what is the gesture theory?

Theories that reject the ideas of phonemes and their translation to speech-motor behavior

how do speech mechanisms change between infancy and 1st year?

Their tongue and jaw movements become more coordinated, allowing them to produce a wider range of sounds. Lip movements begin as more horizontal

children speak more slowly and with greater variability in amplitude, velocity, timing, and general patterning of pharyngeal-oral movements

how do speech mechanisms change between puberty, and  adulthood?

pharyngeal part gets larger, lengthening as the larynx lowers and widening as the muscles of the pharynx tend to weaken and atrophy

Is intelligible speech possible after a glossectomy?

may be possible with the help of speech therapy and assistive devices such as prosthetic devices or speech generating devices.

the extent of speech ability will depend on the amount of tongue tissue removed and the individual's ability to adapt to the changes in their oral anatomy.

what are the different parts of the esophagus?

The esophagus has three parts: the cervical part, the thoracic part, and the abdominal part.

Where is the zone of high pressure?

the upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter

what are the the salivary glands?

a group of glands located in the mouth and throat that produce saliva, made of the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands.

what is the first step of swallowing?

oral preparatory phase, can be as short as 1 second.

begins as the liquid or solid substance comes in contact with the oral vestibule and ends with the bolus held in the oral cavity with the back of the tongue elevated to contact the velum and create an impenetrable wall

what is the second step of swallowing?

Oral transport phase,

the tongue elevates in progressively more posterior regions to push the bolus back toward the pharynx, the velum begins to elevate, and the upper esophageal sphincter begins to relax

This phase lasts less than 1 second

what is the third step of swallowing?

Pharyngeal phase

“triggered” automatically once the bolus passes the anterior faucial pillars

the velopharynx closes, the tongue pushes the bolus backward, the pharynx constricts segmentally, and the hyoid bone

and the larynx moves upward and forward, the arytenoids move medially and tilt forward toward the epiglottis, and the larynx closes at multiple levels

This phase lasts less than 1 second

what is the fourth stage of swallowing?

Esophageal phase

This phase begins when the bolus enters the upper esophageal sphincter and ends when it enters the stomach. This phase can last from 3 to 20 seconds.