HBS EOC

Anterior

front of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superior

above

Posterior

back

Medial

toward the midline

Dorsal

back

Lateral

away from the midline

Ventral

Toward the belly

Flexion

bending a joint

Extension:

Straightening of a joint

Supination:

movement that turns the palm up

Plantar Flexion:

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Dorsiflexion:

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Pronation:

turning the palm downward

Elevation

raising a body part

Depression

lowering a body part

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
Attaches

Muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body-Moves

Nervous

Communicates-Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

epitheial tissue

the major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands
Covers

Structure and function of DNA:

double helix, stores genetic info

How DNA differs from person to person:

GENETIC VARIATION

What role does DNA play in our identity?

Each person has their own unique sequence of bases which distinguishes the shape or proteins which determine their function giving each one of us our own unique look.

Ways communication occurs in the human body

chemical, endocrine system, hormones. or electrical, nervous system, impulse

Consequences of miscommunication in the body:

When there's a miscommunication within our central nervous system, we might misunderstand sensory input or our body might do things we don't want them to (EX: uncontrolled movements, lack of balance, paralysis, and mental illness)

How CNS and PNS work together to control the body:

to collect information from inner brain compartments or the external environment.
Brain sends signals to nerves.

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
Outer part of the brain- Divided into two hemispheres-each hemisphere divided into lobes

Occipital Lobe

vision-Back of brain

Frontal lobe

reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Parietal Lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch

temporal lobe

perception, auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

limbic system

"emotional brain" thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

Brain Stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord-responsible for vital life functions

thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Amygdala

two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion/stress

hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

pons

sleep and arousal

Nucleus

Controls entire neuron

Cell Body-SOMA

contains nucleus-Keeps cell organized

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

Schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS

Axon Terminal

end of axon

Axon

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Myelin Sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

How different types of neurons work together to send and receive signals:

Sensory: Picks up signals through senses; send info from PNS to CNSInterneuron: Connects sensory neurons to motor neurons; found in the CNSMotor: Receives signals from CNS, causing movement; in the PNS and receives info from the CNS

What factors impact our ability to react to a stimulus?

Aging, Disease

How and why does reaction time differ in reflex and voluntary actions?

Reflex: Reflex responses simply go to the spinal cord and don't involve the brain, so reflex is VERY fast. For example, blinking when something comes at you or kicking when hit with a reflex hammer.Voluntary: Voluntary responses must travel to the brain taking longer. The more thought that is required the slower the reaction time. For example, doing the opposite of something that is asked.

What is a hormone

chemical messenger

How do hormones relate to target cells?

They bind to specific hormone receptors

Exocrine Glands/Examples

mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
Secrete products into ducts

Endocrine Glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine Gland Examples

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

How is light focused by the eye:

it goes through the cornea and the aqueous humor, between the iris, through the pupil, and to the lens, the light getting more and more compact as it goes through the uitreous humor and finally to the retina, where it is sent to the brain. the many substances it passes through, mainly the cornea and the lens are what focus the light.

How do the eye and brain work together to process what we see:

the retina, which receives the focused light, has cones and rods which translate color and faint light to chemical and nervous signals so the the optic nerve, which connects to the brain, sends it to the occipital lobe and other parts to be processed into our comprehensible picture.

What is visual perception:

Visual perception is one of the senses, consisting of the ability to detect light and interpret it as the perception known as sight.

What does it mean to have 20/20 vision;

20/20 is considered "normal" visual acuity (not PERFECT). It means that at 20 feet you can see what humans should see at 20 feet away.

How can corrective lenses be used to refocus light and resolve myopia (nearsided) and hyperopia (far sighted):

Corrective lenses work by modifying the path of the light as it approaches your eye such that between the artificial lens and the lens of your eye - the light focuses on the retina.myopia- nearsighted, light falls on the front of the retinahyperopia- farsighted, light falls on the back of the retina, instead of directly on i

How does an error in the structure or function of the eye relate to disease or dysfunction:

If the eye is too long or to short, then myopia or Hyperopia can occur. If the cones are not properly receiving color, then colorblindness will ensue. Also many other things can occur.

What are routine tests and procedures in an eye exam:

Helps People take preventative measures for many diseases

What role do the 3 resources play in the human body? Food,Oxygen,Water

Food-Provides body with nutrients and energy
Water-Hydrates the bodyCarries essential nutrients to cellsRemoves wasteRegulates body temp
Oxygen-ADP turning into ATP(oxygen allows the cells to make energy)

function of digestive system

break down and absorbs nutrients from food; removes waste; maintains water balance

How digestive system maintain water balance in body:

The digestive system requires water to keep the flow of the waste and digestion going.

Enzymes in digestion:

--> Amylase is produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine, catalyses breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
--> Protease is produced in stomach, pancreas and small intestine, catalyses breakdown of proteins into amino acids in stomach and small intestine
--> Lipase is produced by pancreas and small intestine, catalyses breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) to fatty acids and glycerol

BMI:

Body Mass Index, a measure of body fat based on height and weight

BMR:

Basal Metabolic Rate: amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate enviroment

How BMI and BMR help assess healthy diet and weight

BMI shows whether a person is underweight, overweight, or normal and BMR will show the required amount the body needs each day to perform the simple functions.

What are the health risk associated with being overweight or underweight?

Health risks of being underweight is facing malnutrition, having a weak immune system, low muscle mass, and anemia. Risks for being overweight are developing Coronary heart disease or type 2 diabetes, having a stroke, cancer, high blood pressure, and osteoarthritis.

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.

How is energy released from ATP?

Energy released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate groups.

How is it ATP used in the body

It is the main energy currency of the cell

Cellular Respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

How does O2 we inhale get to all of our cells:

Gas exchange at the alveoli

What happens to the respiratory system during asthma?

Airways Narrow

Why do we measure lung capacity?

allows for assessment of the mechanical condition of the lungs, its musculature, airway resistance and the effectiveness of gas exchange at the alveolar membrane.

How does the kidney form urine?

The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine.

Steps of Urine Formation

1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion

glomerular filtration

The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

tubular reabsorption

process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood

tubular secretion

selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

How does ADH and aldosterone affect the nephron and body's overall water balance:

Antidiuretic hormone is released from hypothalamus. - - -- ADH causes the collecting duct to become more permeable to water- Water is conserved as it is reabsorbed back into the body tissues- When water levels are high, ADH release is inhibited(Example of negative feedback loop)

What is urinalysis?

A test that determines the content of urine -> can provide vital health information, used to detect some types of disease, used to uncover evidence of drug abuse

Aldosterone:

"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

ADH

Regulates amount of water in the blood stream

Saddle joint-Examples

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
type of synovial joint that has a concave and a convex bone end, like a saddle and a rider.

Ball and socket

shoulder and hip-a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.

Hinge Joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

gliding joint

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

condyloid Joint

a type of synovial joint that moves in two directions.-wrist

Pivot Joint

a freely moveable joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis.
joint between the first and second vertebrae of the neck,

Cartilage:

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Range of Motion

The range through which a joint can be moved

Intrument to measure range of motion

Goniometer

Cardiac

Straited,Nonvoluntary-heart

skeltal system

Striated-Voluntary-Muscles