UF Bio 1 Exam 3

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55 Terms

1

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

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2

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

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3

Darwin's observations in the Galapagos

Organisms on the same continent were more similar that organisms living in the same temperature, organisms that existed on islands were different from related organisms on the mainland (some were endemic -- only existed-- to that island), and animals living on different islands had different traits.

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4

fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

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5

adaptations

traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce

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6

forces of evolution that generate variation

mutation and migration

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7

forces of evolution that reduce variation

selection and non-random mating

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8

mutation

heritable changes in genetic information that occur in individuals

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9

fixation

when one allele is lost and the other becomes the only one present in the population

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10

the bottleneck effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

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11

the founder effect

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

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12

gene flow

migration - movement of alleles from one population to another

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13

random mating

individuals choose their mates without any preference for particular genotypes and phenotypes

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14

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

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15

directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

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16

stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes (decreases variation)

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17

disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range; intermediate trait is selected against. can cause polymorphism

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18

Polymorphism

more than one stable, discrete phenotype

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19

heterozygote advantage

occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than both homozygotes (sickle cell and malaria)

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20

Geographic variation in natural selection

natural selection act in different ways on populations that live in different geographic regions

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21

Frequency dependent selection

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population (left and right mouthed fish)

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22

artificial selection

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

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23

phenotypic variation =

genetic variation + environmental variation

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24

Heritability

the fraction of variability that is due to genetic differences

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25

positive selection

the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions exceed the rate of synonymous substitutions causing a directional shift that favors the spread of beneficial alleles

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26

neutral selection

the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions equal the rate of synonymous substitutions causing random changes in the gene pool

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27

negative/purifying selection

the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions is less than the rate of synonymous substitutions causing, causing stabilizing selection

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28

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

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29

lineage

Group claiming a common ancestor

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30

taxon

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

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31

sister species

two species that are each other's closest relatives -- directly evolve from a common ancestor

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32

clades

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

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33

homology

any heritable trait shared by more than one species and inherited from a common ancestor

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34

synapomorphies

shared derived characters that provide evidence of common ancestry

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35

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities (analogous characters) when adapting to similar environments

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36

evolutionary reversal

the reversion of a derived character state to its ancestral state

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37

Parisomony principle

the simplest explanation for observed data is the best explanation

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38

monophyletic grouping

made up of an ancestral species and all of its descendants and no other species (same as monophyletic clade)

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39

paraphyletic grouping

consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants ("repitles")

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40

polyphyletic grouping

consists of various species that lack a common ancestor ("warm-blooded")

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41

speciation

Formation of new species via reproductive isolation

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42

species

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding; unit for measuring biodiversity

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43

morphological species concept

A definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria. Problems: polymorphism (same species, different features) and cryptic species (look alike, but don't interbreed)

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44

biological species concept

Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring. Problems: doesn't apply to asexual organisms, cannot be applied to extinct species, and doesn't take into consideration species that can hybridize

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45

lineage species concept

species as branches on a phylogeny

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46

species complex

A grouping of very closely related species

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47

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions

no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow

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48

intersexual selection

Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.

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49

allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

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50

cryptic species

members of different species look alike but do not interbreed

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51

Dobzhansky-Muller Model

split, mutate, fixation, incompatibility - A population is subdivided and then the two groups evolve independently. In each lineage, new alleles become fixed at different loci. The new alleles at the two loci are incompatible with one another. Genetic incompatibility between the two isolated populations will develop over time.

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52

allopatric speciation

the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation

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53

sympatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area caused by disruptive selection, ecological speciation, polyploidy, temporal isolation, and behavioral isolation.

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54

temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

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55

behavioral isolation

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

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