Period 4 People & Vocab

abolitionist movement

the campaign to end slavery in the United States, before and during the Civil War

alamo

fortress in texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "remember the ___" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence

american antislavery society

abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

american system

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

amistad

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release

barbary pirates

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean

battle of new orleans

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812 fought two weeks after the war actually ended.

battle of tippecanoe

Battle in which Native Americans united by Tecumseh and Prophet fought against General William Henry Harrison's forces and lost. Americans on the frontier blamed Britain for initiating the rebellion

burned-over district

popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening

california bear flag republic

short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States

cherokee nation v. georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation" entitled to federal protection from mistreatment by Georgia.

common man

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government. universal male suffrage. allowed all free white males to vote and hold office without having to own land or belong to a particular religious group.

corrupt bargain

alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824

cotton gin

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. the gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South

cult of domesticity

pervasive 19th-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. it gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere

cultural nationalism

a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by a shared culture. Starting in 1816 the young generation, as fervent nationalists, believed their young country was entering an era of unlimited prosperity.

economic nationalism

Political movement to support the growth of the young nation's economy by subsidizing internal improvements and protecting US industries.

embargo act

enacted in response to british and french mistreatment of american merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the united states to any foreign port. the embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

era of good feelings

popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. the term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank

fifty-four forty or fight

slogan adopted by mid-19th-century expansionists who advocated the occupation of Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the US. Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54 40', he settled on the 49th parallel as a compromise with the british

gibbons v. ogden

suit over whether new york state could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. the ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce

implied powers

the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional.

impressment

act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the british navy against american seamen in times of war against france. it was a continual source of conflict between britain and the US in the early national period

indian removal act

ordered the removal of indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and missouri. tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

industrial revolution

shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces.

judicial review

the supreme court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

king cotton

Term used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton.

know-nothing party

nativist political party, also known as the american party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics

lewis and clark expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, 1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region.

corps of discovery

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific.

loose construction

legal doctrine which holds that the fed government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities

louisiana purchase

acquisition of louisiana territory from france. the purchase more than doubled the territory of the us, opening vast tracts for settlement

lowell mill girls/system

female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, MA, during the Industrial Revolution in the US. The initially recruited were daughters of propertied New England farmers, between the ages of 15 and 30.

macon's bill no. 2

aimed at resuming peaceful trade with britain and france, the act stipulated that if either britain or france repealed its trade restrictions, the us would reinstate the embargo against the non repealing nation. when napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on british ports, the us was forced to declare an embargo on britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer to war

manifesty destiny

belief that the US was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. served as a justification for mid-19th-century expansionism

marbury v. madison

supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review - the idea that the supreme court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

market revoulution

18th- and 19th-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network

mason-dixon line

originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between maryland, delaware, pennsylvania, and virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the north-south divide over slavery

mcculloch v. maryland

supreme court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the BUS by establishing that the state of maryland did not have the power to tax the bank

midnight judges

federal justices appointed by john adams during the last days of his presidency. their positions were revoked when the newly elected republican congress repealed the judiciary act

missouri compromise

allowed missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between north and south by carving free-soil maine out of massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the louisiana purchase north of the 36 30' line

monroe doctrine

statement delivered by president james monroe, warning european powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the americas. the US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets

non-intercourse act

passed alongside the repeal of the embargo act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. the act continued jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect

nullification crisis

showdown between president andrew jackson and the south carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. it was resolved by a compromise negotiatied by henry clay

Oneida Communiy

one of the more radical utopian communities established in the 19th century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age

panic of 1819

severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the BUS to curb over speculation on western lands. it disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the west, sowing the seeds of jacksonian democracy

panic of 1837

economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and andrew jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. in response, president martin van buren proposed the "divorce bill" which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply

penitentiaries

new prisons in PA where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent; high rate of prisoner suicides caused the end of the system

pet banks

popular term for pro-jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when andrew jackson moved to dismantle the BUS in 1833

public school movement

A reform movement that occurred during the Jacksonian Era that primarily focused an establishing free public schooling for children of all classes.

revivalism

An outburst of religious enthusiasm, often prompted by the preaching of a charismatic Baptist or Methodist minister

romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. Transcendentalism. A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

second bank to the united states

national bank organized in 1816; it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy.

second great awakening

religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members

sectionalism

loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole.

seneca falls convention

gathering of feminist activists where elizabeth cady stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments" stating that "all men and women are created equal."

shakers

lively dance worship, emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. first transplanted to america from england by mother ann lee, they counted 6,000 members by 1840, though by the 1940s, the movement had largely died out

spoils system

policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by andrew jackson. the practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system

strict construction

believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution where the federal government only had the power to due what the Constitution deemed that they could do.

Tallmadge Amendment

failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between north and south

Tammany Hall

powerful new york political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on its patronage, particularly social services

Tariff of 1816

first protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield new england manufacturers from the inflow of british goods after the war of 1812

Tariff of 1828

(Tariff of Abominations) noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures

Tariff of 1842

protective measure passed by congressional whigs, raising tariffs to pre-compromise of 1833 rates

temperance movement

a movement with the goal to decrease the amount of alcohol consumed.

trail of tears

forced march of 15,000 cherokee indians from the georgia and alabama homes to indian territory. some 4,000 cherokees died on the arduous journey

transcendentalism

literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with god

transportation revolution

term referring to a series of 19th-century transportation innovations -- turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads -- that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy

treaty of ghent

an agreement between the United States and Great Britain, in Belgium, on December 24, 1814. This treaty ended the War of 1812, and provided that all territory captured would be returned to the rightful owner.

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

Ended Mexican-American War; Mexico gave up all claims to land from Texas to California for $15 million. Webster-Ashburton Treaty. (1842) An agreement with Br which resolved the border issue btwn Maine and New Brunswick; Set the NE border for US.

two-party system

the division of voter loyalies between two major political parties, resulting in the near exclusion of minor parties from seriously competing for a share of political power. Election of 1824. It started with Jackson, Henrey Clay, John Q. Adams, Calhoun, and Crawford.

universal white male suffrage

a form of voting rights in which all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, or any other qualification besides race.

utopian communities

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment

war hawks

democratic-republican congressmen who pressed james madison to declare war on britain. largely drawn from the south and west, they resented british constraints on american trade and accused the british of supporting indian attacks against american settlements on the frontier

war of 1812

fought between britain and the US largely over the issues of trade and impressment. though the war ended in a stalemate, it demonstrated america's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from european powers

whigs/conscience whigs

Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. they sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve the buttress the Southern "slave power."

women's christian temperance union

founded in ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, they went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women

worcester v. georgia

legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1832, held (5–1) that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land

aaron burr

one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College.

andrew jackson

deemed the first president of the Modern Democratic Party. Believed that the government should be limited, and opposed a nationwide federalist banking system. known as the "common man"

brigham young

He was the second president of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon) church and considered a prophet. He led the Mormons west and guided them in settling what is now known as Utah.

charles grandison finney

Known as the "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all.

daniel webster

Supporting the tariff of 1828, he was a protector of northern industrial interests. In the debate over the renewal of the charter of the US Bank, he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson.

denmark vesey

a black man who lived in the Carolinas who led a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822. This slave rebellion was part of what led to the anxieties of the South, especially in South Carolina.

dorothea dix

brought the conditions to light and eventually convinced people that asylums and prisons needed to have more hospitable settings. Her pleas followed the 8th amendment, giving her opinion greater legal power. The mentally ill were kept safe and treated humanely after her supplication.

edgar allen poe

Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre.

eli whitney

invented the cotton gin that sped up the process of harvesting cotton, making cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

francis scott key

American author and lawyer from Georgetown who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, the "Star Spangled Banner."

frederick douglass

He captured his audiences with descriptions of his life as a slave. He also published a newspaper, the North Star, in the early 1830s. His influential speeches encouraged slaves to escape as he did and motivated northerners to oppose slavery.

harriet tubman

One of the leaders of the Underground Railroad she was a conductor who helped slaves escape. She was African-American and helped over 300 slaves to freedom, and also became a very outspoken advocate for women's rights.

henry clay

aggressively supported the United States' entry into the War of 1812 against Great Britain. He saw the opportunity that the war afforded the U.S. to strengthen land claims against the Native Americans in the West and against Spanish-held Florida in the South. American System

henry david thoreau

a famous American transcendentalist who turned to the environment for inspiration. he built a cabin at Walden Pond and lived there alone for two years. In 1854 he published his book, Walden, which was about his time spent living in isolation and his different feelings on society.

horace mann

started a public education movement called Common School Movement. The movement pushed for better-developed, tax-funded, secular school systems. he also pushed for better trained teachers thinking that it would increase student learning.

james k. polk

A Democrat who was relatively unknown outside of political circles, he won the 1844 presidential election as the dark horse candidate. As president, he reduced tariffs, reformed the national banking system and settled a boundary dispute with the British that secured the Oregon Territory for the United States.

james madison

drafted both the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. He also wrote the Federalist Papers and founded the Democratic-Republican party alongside Thomas Jefferson. Later he became the fourth president of the United States and led the country into the War of 1812.

james monroe

his efforts to unite the country by dissolving political factions and unify under a single political party, which he was able to do for a short time as he was the last American President to effectively run unopposed in the Presidential election of 1820

john audubon

an American self-trained artist, naturalist, and ornithologist. His combined interests in art and ornithology turned into a plan to make a complete pictorial record of all the bird species of North America

john c. calhoun

Leading American politician, political theorist, and strong nationalist. He favored protective tariffs, states' rights, limited government, nullification, and free trade, and best known for his defense of slavery.

john deere

his improvements to the steel plow and Cyrus McCormick's reaper allowed for farmers to grow and harvest mass quantities of crops that was needed to satisfy the increasing domestic and global demand for agricultural products.