Test 3- chapter 9-13

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A type of lipoprotein that helps remove cholesterol from the blood.

Amino Acid

The building blocks of proteins.

Essential Nutrient

A nutrient that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot produce it.

Carbohydrates

A macronutrient that is the body's primary source of energy.

Macronutrient

A nutrient that is required in large amounts by the body.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is the primary source of energy for the body's cells.

Kilocalorie

A unit of measurement for energy in food.

Protein

A macronutrient that is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to the cells and can contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.

Cholesterol

A waxy substance found in the blood that is necessary for the production of hormones and cell membranes.

Nutrient dense

Foods that provide a high amount of nutrients relative to their calorie content.

Fats

A macronutrient that provides energy and helps with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Types of Carbohydrates

Simple and complex carbohydrates that provide different rates of energy release.

Naturally Occurring Plant Substances

Bioactive compounds found in plants that have potential health benefits.

Folic Acid

A B-vitamin that is important for cell division and the production of DNA.

Dirty Dozen Fruit

A list of fruits that are most likely to contain high levels of pesticide residues.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the working muscles during prolonged exercise.

Flexibility

The ability of a joint to move through its full range of motion.

Skill-Related Fitness

Fitness components that are related to performance in sports and other physical activities.

Health-Related Fitness

Fitness components that are related to overall health and well-being.

Exercise

Physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has the goal of improving or maintaining physical fitness.

Muscular Strength

The amount of force a muscle can produce in a single maximal effort.

Fat-Free Mass

The weight of the body minus the weight of body fat.

Body Composition

The proportion of fat, muscle, and other tissues in the body.

Physical Activity

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.

Health Benefits of Physical Activity

Improved cardiovascular health, weight management, reduced risk of chronic diseases, improved mental health, and increased longevity.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles during exercise.

Sedentary

Engaging in little or no physical activity.

FITT-VP

A framework for designing an effective exercise program: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Volume, and Progression.

Body Mass Index

A measure of body weight relative to height, used to classify individuals as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue that stores fat.

Percent Body Fat

The proportion of the body's weight that is made up of fat.

Subcutaneous Fat

Fat that is stored just beneath the skin.

Female Athlete Triad

A combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods), and osteoporosis in female athletes.

Visceral Fat

Fat that is stored around the organs in the abdominal cavity.

Obesity

A condition characterized by excessive body fat.

Diabetes Mellitus

A chronic disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose.

Overweight

Having a body mass index (BMI) above the normal range.

Essential Fat

The minimum amount of body fat necessary for normal physiological functions.

Anorexia

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

Bulimia

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

Binge-Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging.

Amount of Healthy Weight Loss Per Week

A safe and sustainable rate of weight loss is 1-2 pounds per week.

Body Image

A person's perception and feelings about their own body.

Eating Disorder Treatment

A multidisciplinary approach that may include therapy, nutrition counseling, and medical monitoring.

Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries.

Artery

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues.

Pulmonary Circulation

The circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.

Hypertension

High blood pressure, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Vein

A blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Systemic Circulation

The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Plaque

A buildup of cholesterol, fat, and other substances in the arteries.

Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Atherosclerosis

A disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.

Triglyceride

A type of fat found in the blood that is used for energy storage.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A genetic condition that causes the heart muscle to become abnormally thick.

Aneurysm

A bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel that can rupture and cause internal bleeding.

Transient Ischemic Attack

A temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain, often referred to as a mini-stroke.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood.

Congestive Heart Failure

A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Thrombus

A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel and can block blood flow.

Coronary Heart Disease

A condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked.

Embolus

A blood clot or other foreign object that travels through the bloodstream and can block a blood vessel.

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A condition in which the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart doesn't close properly.

Heart Attack

A condition in which the blood supply to the heart is blocked, leading to damage or death of heart muscle.

Heart Attack Symptoms

Chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.

Racial Group With The Highest Prevalence of CVD

African Americans have the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

Heart Healthy Diet

A diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium, and high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.

Common Death Amongst People With Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of death among people with diabetes.

Cancer

A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Benign Tumor

A non-cancerous tumor that does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body.

Polyp

An abnormal growth of tissue that can occur in various parts of the body, including the colon and uterus.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body.

Pap Test

A screening test for cervical cancer that involves collecting cells from the cervix for examination.

Remission

A period of time when the signs and symptoms of cancer are reduced or disappear.

Sarcoma

A type of cancer that develops in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscle or fat.

Ultraviolet radiation

A type of radiation that comes from the sun and can cause skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer.

Carotenoid

A pigment found in fruits and vegetables that has antioxidant properties.

Biopsy

The removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer is present.

Carcinoma

A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the internal organs or the skin.

Phytochemical

Bioactive compounds found in plants that have potential health benefits.

Lung Cancer

A type of cancer that begins in the lungs and is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.