behavior that is atypical or statistically uncommon within a particular culture or that is maladaptive or detrimental to an individual or to those around that individual
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deviance
any behavior that differs significantly from what is considered appropriate or typical for a social group
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psychopathology
the scientific study of mental illness or disorders
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psychosis
a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
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diathesis-stress model
the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role
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comorbidity
the co-occurence of more than one disorder in the same individual
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dopamine
neurotransmitter that plays a role in movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation; lack or surplus contributes to schizophrenia, psychosis, ADHD. etc
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serotonin
neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood, sleep, digestion, nausea, wound healing; low levels contribute to mood and anxiety disorders
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anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
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generalized anxiety disorder
a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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panic disorder
anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
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social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
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specific phobia disorder
an intense, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger
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neuro-cognitive disorders
decreased mental function due to a medical disease other than a psychiatric illness
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Alzheimer’s disease
a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
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Lewy Body Dementia
a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain, leading to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood
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depressive disorders
mood disorders that cause a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest
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disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a condition in which children or adolescents experience ongoing irritability, anger, and frequent, intense temper outbursts
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major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure
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persistent depressive disorder
experiencing a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years
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exposure therapy
psychologists create a safe environment in which to “expose” individuals to the things they fear and avoid to help reduce fear
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extinction
the fading of a non-reinforced conditioned response over time
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flooding
a technique in behavior therapy in which the individual is exposed directly to a maximum-intensity anxiety-producing situation or stimulus, either described or real, without any attempt made to lessen or avoid anxiety or fear during the exposure
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free association
process in psychoanalysis and other forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy, in which the patient is encouraged to verbalize without censorship or selection whatever thoughts come to mind, no matter how embarrassing, illogical, or irrelevant
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gestalt therapy
a form of psychotherapy that is centered on increasing a person's awareness, freedom, and self-direction
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humanistic perspective
the assumption in psychology that people are essentially good and constructive, that the tendency toward self-actualization is inherent, and that, given the proper environment, human beings will develop to their maximum potential
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insight therapies
any form of psychotherapy based on the theory that a client's problems cannot be resolved without his or her gaining self-understanding and thus becoming aware of their origins
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latent content
the symbolic meaning of a dream that lies behind the literal content of the dream
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manifest content
the actual literal content and storyline of a dream
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modeling
a technique used in cognitive behavior therapy and behavior therapy in which learning occurs through observation and imitation alone
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client-centered therapy
non-directive approach to talk therapy that requires the client to actively take the reins during each therapy session, while the therapist acts mainly as a guide or a source of support for the client
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psychoanalysis
approach originally developed by Sigmund Freud; assumption that much mental activity is unconscious and that understanding people requires interpreting the unconscious meaning underlying their overt behavior.
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psychodynamic approach
the psychological approach that views human behavior from the standpoint of unconscious motives that mold the personality
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psychotherapy
**general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a psychiatrist**
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rational-emotive behavior therapy
a form of psychotherapy that helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the nature of irrational and unproductive feelings, and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs
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systematic desensitization
type of exposure therapy that aims to remove the fear response of a phobia and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter-conditioning
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transference
when one seems to direct feelings or desires related to an important figure in one’s life toward someone who is not that person
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unconditional positive regard
showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does (Carl Rogers)
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dissociative disorders
mental disorders that involve experiencing a disconnection and lack of continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions and identity
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dissociative amnesia
occurs when a person blocks out certain events, often associated with stress or trauma, leaving the person unable to remember important personal information
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dissociative identity disorder
rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
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eating disorders
abnormal eating habits
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anorexia nervosa
person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight; sometimes exercise excessively
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binge-eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting of bulimia
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bulimia nervosa
a person alternates between binge-eating with purging, excessive exercise, or fasting; marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making it easier to hide
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trauma disorders
disorders that develop in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event
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acute stress disorder
similar symptoms to PTSD, but only lasting for about a month after the event
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post-traumatic stress disorder
mental disorder one develops after exposure to a traumatic event; symptoms include nightmares, social withdrawal, and jumpy anxiety
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obsessive compulsive disorder
chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts ("obsessions") and/or behaviors ("compulsions") that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over
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body dysmorphic disorder
a mental health condition where a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance
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hoarding disorder
where someone acquires an excessive number of items and stores them in a chaotic manner, usually resulting in unmanageable amounts of clutter
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personality disorders
conditions in which an individual differs significantly from an average person, in terms of how they think, perceive, feel or relate to others
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antisocial personality disorder
condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others
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borderline personality disorder
a mental illness that severely impacts a person's ability to regulate their emotions; increased impulsivity and self-destructive behaviors
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histrionic personality disorder
a mental health condition marked by unstable emotions, a distorted self-image and an overwhelming desire to be noticed; often behave dramatically to get noticed
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narcissistic personality disorder
a mental health condition in which people have an unreasonably high sense of their own importance; want people to admire them; may lack the ability to understand or care about the feelings of others
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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
condition that causes an extensive preoccupation with perfectionism, organization and control
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paranoid personality disorder
condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others
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bipolar disorders
a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration
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bipolar I
manic episodes that last for at least 7 days (nearly every day for most of the day) or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate medical care; depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks.
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bipolar II
a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes. The hypomanic episodes are less severe than the manic episodes in bipolar I disorder
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cyclothymic disorder
emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder
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hypomania
milder version of mania
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mania
periods of over-active and high energy behavior that can have a significant impact on your day-to-day life
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schizophrenia spectrum disorders
experience a range of often debilitating symptoms that may include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, speech, and/or disorganized or unusual behavior
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delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression
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schizoaffective disorder
a mental health disorder that is marked by a combination of schizophrenia symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania
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illness anxiety disorder
a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
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somatic symptom disorder
diagnosed when a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning
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neurodevelopmental disorders
multifaceted conditions characterized by impairments in cognition, communication, behavior and/or motor skills resulting from abnormal brain development
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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
a behavioral condition that makes focusing on everyday requests and routines challenging
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autism
a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave
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action therapies
any therapy that emphasizes doing and taking action rather than verbal communication or discussion
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active listening
psychotherapeutic technique in which the therapist listens to a client closely, asking questions as needed, in order to fully understand the content of the message and the depth of the client's emotion
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all-or-none thinking
thinking in extremes; you either did perfect or completely terrible
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aversion therapy
psychotherapy designed to cause a patient to reduce or avoid an undesirable behaviour pattern by conditioning the person to associate the behaviour with an undesirable stimulus
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awfulizing
occurring when a person believes that a bad circumstance is more than bad, it is the worst it could be
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behavior modification
**the process of changing patterns of human behavior using various motivational techniques**
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behavioral therapy
a range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual's maladaptive responses to specific situations
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catastrophizing
believing that you're in a worse situation than you really are or exaggerating your difficulties
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catharsis
the discharge of previously repressed affects connected to traumatic events that occurs when these events are brought back into consciousness and reexperienced
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cognitive-behavior-therapy
a structured, goal-oriented type of talk therapy. It can help manage mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, and emotional concerns, such as coping with grief or stress
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cognitive distortions
internal mental filters or biases that increase our misery, fuel our anxiety, and make us feel bad about ourselves
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cognitive therapy
therapy meant to to change the way you think about an issue that's causing concern
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common factors therapy
proposes that different approaches and evidence-based practices in psychotherapy and counseling share common factors that account for much of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment
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congruence
a term used by Carl Rogers to describe a state in which a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar
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dream analysis
a technique, originally used in psychoanalysis but now also used in some other psychotherapies, in which the content of dreams is interpreted to reveal underlying motivations or symbolic meanings
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eclectic approach
an approach that draws on multiple theoretical orientations and techniques. It is a flexible and multifaceted approach to therapy that allows the therapist to use the most effective methods available to address each individual client's needs
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empathy
the cognitive and emotional reactions of an individual to the observed experiences of another
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David Rosenhan
pioneer in applying psychological methods to the practice of law, including the examination of expert witnesses, jury selection, and jury deliberation
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Aaron Beck
father of cognitive behavioral therapy and the cognitive theory of depression
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Albert Ellis
father of rational-emotive therapy
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Sigmund Freud
father of psychoanalysis
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Mary Cover Jones
mother of behavior therapy; tested techniques on reducing phobias in children
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Carl Rogers
one of the fathers of humanistic psychology; client-centered therapy, active listening, and unconditional positive regard
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B.F. Skinner
father of operant conditioning
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Joseph Wolpe
developed systematic desensitization and reciprocal inhibition