Anatomy of flowering plants

What is the study of internal structure of plants called?

Anatomy

What is the basic unit of plants?

Cells

How are cells organized in plants?

Cells are organized into tissues.

What are tissues organized into?

Organs

How are organs organized in plants?

Tissues are organized into organs.

How do different organs in a plant show differences?

They show differences in their internal structure.

What are the two main groups of angiosperms?

Monocots and dicots.

Are monocots and dicots anatomically different?

Yes, they are anatomically different.

What do internal structures of plants show adaptations to?

Diverse environments.

How do tissues vary depending on their location in the plant body?

Their structure and function vary depending on their location.

What are the three types of tissue systems based on their structure and location?

Epidermal tissue system, ground or fundamental tissue system, and vascular or conducting tissue system.

What is the function of the epidermal tissue system?

It forms the outer protective layer of the plant and helps in gas exchange and water absorption.

What is the function of the ground or fundamental tissue system?

It provides support, storage, and photosynthesis in plants.

What is the function of the vascular or conducting tissue system?

It is responsible for the transportation of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.

What type of tissues does the epidermal tissue system consist of?

It consists of epidermal cells, guard cells, and trichomes.

What type of tissues does the ground or fundamental tissue system consist of?

It consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

What type of tissues does the vascular or conducting tissue system consist of?

It consists of xylem and phloem tissues.

How does the structure and function of tissues relate to their location in the plant body?

The structure and function of tissues are dependent on their location within the plant body, determining their specific roles in growth, support, and transportation.

What does the epidermal tissue system form?

The outermost covering of the whole plant body.

What are the constituents of the epidermal tissue system?

Epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, and hairs.

Where is the epidermis located in the plant body?

It constitutes the outermost layer of the primary plant body.

Describe the arrangement of cells in the epidermis.

Elongated and compactly arranged cells, forming a continuous layer.

What is the role of stomata within the epidermis?

Stomata regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Define trichomes and hairs in the epidermal tissue system.

They are epidermal appendages serving protective functions.

How are epidermal cells structured?

They are elongated and tightly packed, creating a seamless layer.

What function does the epidermal tissue system serve?

It provides protection and regulates exchange processes.

How does the continuous layer of cells contribute to the epidermis?

It offers structural integrity and uniform coverage across the plant surface.

What is the usual composition of the epidermis?

Single-layered.

Describe the characteristics of epidermal cells.

Parenchymatous with a small amount of cytoplasm and a large vacuole.

What is the function of the cuticle?

Prevents the loss of water.

In which plant part is the cuticle absent?

Roots.

What are stomata and where are they found?

Structures present in the epidermis of leaves, regulating transpiration and gaseous exchange.

How many cells compose a stoma, and what are they called?

Two bean-shaped cells called guard cells.

What is the shape of guard cells in grasses?

Dumbbell-shaped.

Describe the structure of guard cells' outer and inner walls.

Outer walls are thin, inner walls are highly thickened.

What is the role of chloroplasts in guard cells?

They regulate the opening and closing of stomata.

What are subsidiary cells, and where are they found?

Specialized epidermal cells near guard cells.

What is the collective term for stomatal aperture, guard cells, and surrounding subsidiary cells?

Stomatal apparatus.

What are root hairs?

Unicellular elongations of epidermal cells on roots.

What is the function of root hairs?

To absorb water and minerals from the soil.

What are epidermal hairs on the stem called?

Trichomes.

Describe the characteristics of trichomes in the shoot system.

Usually multicellular, may be branched or unbranched, and soft or stiff.

What is one potential function of trichomes?

Preventing water loss due to transpiration.

How do root hairs contribute to plant function?

By increasing the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

What is the role of trichomes on the stem?

They can provide protection against herbivores and reduce water loss.

Can trichomes be secretory?

Yes, they may secrete substances for various purposes.

What is the general function of epidermal hairs in plants?

They aid in absorption, protection, and reducing water loss.

What does the ground tissue consist of?

All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.

What are the types of simple tissues found in the ground tissue?

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

Where are parenchymatous cells usually found in primary stems and roots?

In the cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays.

What is the ground tissue in leaves called, and what does it consist of?

Mesophyll, consisting of thin-walled chloroplast-containing cells.

What types of cells are present in the ground tissue?

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

Describe the characteristics of parenchyma cells.

They are thin-walled, alive at maturity, and often contain chloroplasts.

What is the function of collenchyma cells?

They provide flexible support in young plant tissues.

What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells?

Providing mechanical support and rigidity to plant parts.

How does the ground tissue contribute to the overall structure of the plant?

It provides support, storage, and photosynthesis in various plant organs.

What are the two complex tissues in the vascular system?

Phloem and xylem.

What do the xylem and phloem together constitute?

Vascular bundles.

In dicotyledonous stems, what is present between phloem and xylem?

Cambium.

What is the significance of cambium in dicotyledonous stems?

It allows for the formation of secondary xylem and phloem, making the vascular bundles

In monocotyledons, is cambium present in vascular bundles?

No, cambium is absent.

Why are vascular bundles in monocotyledons referred to as closed?

Because they do not form secondary tissues.

Describe the arrangement of xylem and phloem in radial vascular bundles.

They are arranged alternately along different radii, common in roots.

What is the characteristic arrangement of xylem and phloem in conjoint vascular bundles?

They are jointly situated along the same radius.

Where are conjoint vascular bundles common?

In stems and leaves.

Where is phloem usually located in conjoint vascular bundles?

On the outer side of xylem.

What helps in understanding tissue organization of roots, stems, and leaves?

Studying transverse sections of mature zones of these organs.

What type of sections are convenient for studying tissue organization?

Transverse sections of mature zones.

Which parts of the plant are studied using transverse sections?

Mature zones of roots, stems, and leaves.

What is the outermost layer of the root?

Epiblema.

What protrudes from many epiblema cells?

Unicellular root hairs.

What is the composition of the cortex?

Several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.

What is the innermost layer of the cortex called?

Endodermis.

Describe the structure of endodermal cells.

Barrel-shaped cells without intercellular spaces, with casparian strips on tangential and radial walls

What is the function of casparian strips?

They prevent water movement through the apoplast pathway.

What lies next to the endodermis?

A few layers of thick-walled parenchymatous cells called pericycle.

What processes occur in the pericycle during secondary growth?

Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium.

Describe the pith.

It is small or inconspicuous.

What is the name of the parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem?

Conjunctive tissue.

How many xylem and phloem patches are usually present?

Two to four.

What develops between the xylem and phloem patches later?

A cambium ring.

What constitutes the stele?

All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis, including pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.

How does the anatomy of a monocot root compare to a dicot root?

It is similar in many respects, including having epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.

What is a characteristic difference in the number of xylem bundles between monocot and dicot roots?

Monocot roots usually have more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles, whereas dicot roots have fewer.

Describe the pith in monocot roots.

It is large and well-developed.

What is a notable feature regarding secondary growth in monocot roots?

Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo any secondary growth.

What are the main anatomical components of a monocot root?

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.

How does the number of xylem bundles in monocot roots compare to dicot roots?

Monocot roots typically have more xylem bundles than dicot roots.

Describe the development of the pith in monocot roots.

The pith in monocot roots is large and well-developed.

What distinguishes the secondary growth pattern in monocot roots?

Monocotyledonous roots do not exhibit secondary growth.

How does the anatomy of a monocot root compare to a dicot root?

It is similar in many respects, including having epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.

What is the typical number of xylem bundles in a monocot root compared to a dicot root?

Monocot roots usually have more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles, whereas dicot roots have fewer

Describe the pith in monocot roots.

It is large and well-developed.

Do monocotyledonous roots undergo secondary growth?

No, they do not undergo any secondary growth.

What are the main anatomical components of a monocot root?

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.

How does the number of xylem bundles in monocot roots compare to dicot roots?

Monocot roots typically have more xylem bundles than dicot roots.

Describe the development of the pith in monocot roots.

The pith in monocot roots is large and well-developed.

What distinguishes the secondary growth pattern in monocot roots?

Monocotyledonous roots do not exhibit secondary growth.