APUSH Unit 1 Giddes Test

Canadian Shield

first part of North American landmass to emerge above sea level + ice grinding flushed away topsoil + melting glacier water filled Great Lakes

Land bridge

during Ice Age + connected Eurasia w/North America (Russia + Alaska)

Incas

in Peru + highly advanced + developed sophisticated agricultural techniques to sustain complex societies + conquered by Francisco Pizzaro

Mayans

in Central America + another sophisticated civilization + life also revolved around maize growing

Aztecs

in Mexico + another sophisticated civilization (elaborated cities) + lacked simple tech/animals + maize growing super foundational (cuz it fed ~20 mill in Mexico alone) + densely populated + known for advanced math, writing, and human sacrifices + eventually conquered by Hernan Cortes

New World

North + South America

Maize

Indian corn

Pueblos

'village' in Spanish + social life less developed ('societies' = nonexistent)

Nation-states

dense concentration of population (like Aztecs)

Anasazis

sustained large settlements after maize cultivation + built elaborate villages of 600+ interconnected room

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement (near East St. Louis) + home to ~25,000 people

Three-sister farming

beans grew on the trellis of corn stalks and squash covered the planting mounds to retain soil moisture + rich diet + produced highest population densities on continent (Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee)

Hiawatha

inspired Iroquois Confederacy + was a legendary leader

Scandinavian Norse

sailors from Scandinavia that accidentally reached the northeastern part of North America + landed near L'Anse Aux Meadows (Newfoundland) + their discoveries forgotten cuz no strong nation-states invested in them

Vinland

place near Newfoundland that was abounded in wild grapes

Christian Crusaders

tried to wrestle the holy lands from Muslim control + ranked high among indirect discovered of the Americas + acquired taste of Asian exotic delights (silk, drugs, perfume, colored drapes, spices, sugar) unknown to Europe

Spice Islands

Indonesia, China, India + goods were transported from long distances (across Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea) on ships or camels so very expensive

Middlemen

Muslims dealers who charged heavy tolls; goods that reached Italy were expensive, so limited purchasers/profiters; Europeans eager to find cheaper route

Marco Polo

Italian adventurer that returned after 25 years of sailing + regarded as indirect discovered of NW + stimulated Euro desires for a cheaper route to the east

Caravel

small regular ships that can sail more closely with wind

Sub-Saharan Africa

before caravel, nearly impossible for Europeans to get to cuz of the desert + Africa gold was 2/3 of Europe's supply

Portuguese slave trade

built their own systematic traffic of slaves to work in sugar plantations (Africans already had slavery in their culture) + appetite for slaves was WAY TOO MUCH (~40,000 Africans taken) + eventually became a business

Sugar islands

Madeira, Canraties, Sao Tome, and Principe

Plantation

large-scale agricultural enterprise following commercial crops + usually employing slave labor

Bartholomeu Dias

reached southernmost tip of Africa to get to Asia

Vasco da Gama

reached India + came back with small cargo of jewels and spices

"Indies"

name given by Europeans to all unknown land of the Orient

Ferdinand of Aragon

married Isabella of Castile which united Spain

Isabella of Castile

married Ferdinand of Aragon which united Spain

Moors

brutally expelled from Spain after centuries of Christian-Islamic warfare + another reason for Spain's unity

Renaissance

nurtured ambitious spirit of optimism + adventure

Christopher Columbus

skilled Italian seafarer + convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to invest in him + headed west (6 weeks at sea + faced mutiny); most successful failure + 'discovered' the Americas + called natives "Indians" + returns with 17 ships of men, animals, supplies

"Globalization"

interdependent global economic system that came to be cuz of Columbus (Eur had markets, capital, tech; Afr had labor; NW has raw materials)

Columbian Exchange

exchange of goods (OW gave horses, cattle, pigs), crops (from NW; corn, beans, tomatoes, potatoes), and diseases (NW gave syphilis; OW gave influenza, malaria, and a ton more) between New and Old World

Hispaniola

Haiti + Dominican Republic; Columbus returned here with his 17 ships, animals, and supplies

"Sugar revolution"

Columbus brought seedlings of sugarcane which thrived in the Caribbean cuz of the climate; revolution itself took place in Europe + forced migration of millions of Africans to work in canefields/sugar mills

Taino

natives in Hisponiola whose population went from 1 mill to ~200 after European arrival; disease literally wiped out the populations

Treaty of Tordesillas

signed by Spain + Portugal dividing the territories of the New World

Conquistadores

16th century Spanish conquerors who fanned out across Americas eventually conquering the Aztec + Incan empires

Vasco Nunez Balboa

hailed as discoverer of the Pacific Ocean + waded into waves off of Panama + boldly claimed all lands washed by sea for his king

Ferdinand Magellan

set sail from Spain with 5 ships + completed the first circumnavigation of the globe + killed by inhabitant of the Philippines

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored Florida (thought it was an island) + seeked for gold and 'fountain of youth' + killed from Native arrow

Francisco Coronado

in quest of golden cities + wandered through Arizona and New Mexico all the way to Kansas + discovered the Grand Canyon/Colorado River and large herds of bison

Hernando de Soto

undertook a fantastic gold-seeking expedition with 600 armor-plated men + went from Florida westward + discovered/crossed Mississippi River + died from wounds and fever + body was secretly disposed

Francisco Pizarro

crushes Incas + added huge hoard of booty to Spain (which made Spain abundant with NW silver)

Potosi

in Bolivia where most silver came from

"Price revolution"

abundance of silver caused major inflation in Europe (500%) + fueled growth of capitalism

Capitalism

economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, + open and accessible markets

Commercial banking

clinked in purses of merchants in France and Holland trying to spread commerce and manufacturing + paid for a lot of international trade with Asia + founded by NW bullion (which swelled up vaults of bankers)

West Indies

another one of Columbus's geographic confusion + served as offshore bases for statin of Spanish invasion of mainland America; a rest stop for the Spanish + was loosely organized and native communities were used for testing techniques that would eventually subdue Mexican and Peruvian civilizations

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend" Natives to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them (basically the Spanish government saying that slavery is legal)

Bartolome de Las Casas

horrified by encomienda system + said it was "a moral pestilence invested by Satan"

Hernan Cortes

set sailed from Cuba to get to Mexico + rescued a Spanish castaway who was enslaved by Mayans + picked up Malinche (a slave who spoke Mayan + Aztec language) + used both interpreters to understand what the natives are saying + eventually conquered the Aztec empire + brought crops/animals/languages/laws/customs/religion to the region

Malinche

picked up by Cortes + know how to speak Mayan and Nahuatl + eventually learned Spanish + was baptized (new name ⇾ Dona Marina)

Tenochtitlan

Aztec empire capital + was laid siege on by Cortes

"Reconquista"

left mark on Spanish society (basically made people more ambitious + the 3 Gs) + when Christian kingdoms of Spain kept pushing the Moors off of Iberian Peninsula and when Grenada fell, they succeeded

Moctezuma

Aztec chieftain who bored fab gifts to welcome Spaniards + was superstitious + believed Cortes the god Quetzalcoatl; nice at first but then gave up

Quetzalcoatl

god who would return from eastern sea + predicted Aztec legends

Noche triste

"sad night"; when Aztecs attained Cortes and his forces in Tenochtitlan; Cortes laid siege to the city + the Aztec empire fell

Mestizos

people of mixed Native American and European heritage

Malinchista

Malinche gave her name in the Mexican language, which means 'traitor'

Dia de la Raza

Mexican Columbus Day; "the birthday of a wholly new race of people"

Giovanni Caboto

England was eager to get Spain's land so sent Caboto to explore northeastern coast

Giovanni da Verrazano

France was also eager and dispatched Verrazano (Italian mariner) to probe the east seaboard

Jacques Cartier

journeyed miles up St. Lawrence River

St. Augustine

a fortress made by Spain to block the French + protect the sea-lanes

Don Juan de Onate

led an expedition to upper Rio Grande + Colorado River; Spaniards abused the Pueblo people

Battle of Acoma

fought between Spaniards under Onate and the pueblo Indians; Spaniard brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples (and cut 1 foot of each survivor) and established New Mexico

Province of New Mexico

Spaniards claimed the area they won from the Pueblo people

Santa Fe

capital of Province of New Mexico

Roman Catholic mission

central institution in colonial NM to suppress native religious customs

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo Indian rebellion against the religious suppression from missionaries that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico; Pueblo natives destroyed Catholic churches + killed tons of priests and Spanish settlers

Robert de La Salle

French + led an expedition down the Mississippi River

The Alamo

a Spanish settlement in Texas that was once called San Antonio

Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo

explored Californian coast + failed to find San Francisco Bay

Father Junipero Serra

Spanish missionary that founded the first of 21 missions in San Diego + Christianized 300,000 Cali natives + taught them semi-nomadic native horticulture crafts; Natives adapted to Christianity + lost contact with their culture + died cuz of disease

"Black Legend"

false notion that conquistadores did little but butcher the Natives + stole their gold in the name of Christ + infected them with smallpox + left only misery behind

Martin Luther

ignited the Protestant Reformation by nailing protests against the Catholic Church on the doors of Wittenberg's cathedral + declared Bible was God's words

John Calvin

religious leader who elaborated Martin Luther's ideas + principals

Calvinism

dominant theological doctrine of the NE Puritans + others (like Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, + communicants of Dutch Reformed Church) based on the teachings of John Calvin; believed in predestination (only the elect could go to heaven)

The Elect

souls who have been chosen to go to heaven

"Predestination"

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to go to heaven and some to go to hell; fate is irreversible

"Conversion"

intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the 'elect' or 'visible saints'; Calvinists who experienced this were expected to lead holy lives to demonstrate their status

"Visible saints"

those who believed they were destined for salvation sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others they were part of the 'elect'; eligible for church membership

King Henry VIII

english king who broke with Roman Catholic Church (also the head of Church of England) + started Protestant Reformation

Church of England

founded by Henry VIII; Catholicism but instead of Pope, the king's in charge

Puritans

Eng Protestants reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds; devout believed that only 'visible saints' should be admitted to church membership

Separatists

small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, many made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts; kicked out by James I bc they could defy him

"Dutchification"

Separatists that came to Holland to escape royal wrath; children were becoming too Dutch and forgetting their English ways so they wanted to live in a haven where they could be purified Protestants + still be English

Mayflower

ship that carried 102 people on 65 days at sea; arrived at NE in 1620; less than 1/2 were Separatists)

Myles Standish

captain of the Mayflower; provided needed service as a Native fighter + negotiator; "Captain Shrimp"

Pilgrims

didn't make it to their original destination; after many surveys on the ship, they chose to settle on the shores of Plymouth Bay

Plymouth

location where Pilgrims chose to settle; area outside (much north) of what the Virginia Company allowed the settlers to settle (basically illegally there + squatters)

Squatters

people without legal right to land + self-govern

Mayflower Compact

agreement to form a majoritarian govt in Plymouth; signed aboard the Mayflower; created the foundation for self-govt in the colony

Town meetings/government

in Mayflower Compact; said males were able to make rules in these

First Thanksgiving

Plymouth settlers celebrated a good harvest w/Wampanoag natives

William Bradford

self-taught scholar; leader of the Pilgrims; elected governor 30 times; scared that the Puritans might corrupt this godly experiment in the wilderness

Charles I

dismissed Parliament + beheaded; sanctioned William Laud