Psychology Modules 14-35

DOMAIN 3: DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING Module 14: Pages 213-228 Module 15: Pages 229-237 Module 16: Pages 238-254 Module 17: Pages 255-274 Module 18: Pages 275-282 DOMAIN 4: SOCIOCULTURAL Module 19: Pages 284-304 Module 20: Pages 305-322 Module 21: Pages 323-333 Module 22: Pages 334-347 DOMAIN 5: COGNITION Module 23: Pages 349-368 Module 24: Pages 367-380 Module 25: Pages 381-391 Module 26: Pages 392-408 DOMAIN 6: INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS Module 27: Pages 410-425 CLICKER QUESTIONS Module 28: Pages 426-439 CLICKER QUESTIONS Module 29: Pages 440-456 CLICKER QUESTIONS Module 30: Pages 457-474 CLICKER QUESTIONS Module 31: Pages 375-490 Module 32: Pages 491-507 Module 33: Pages 508-519 DOMAIN 7: APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Module 34: Pages 521-538 CLICKER QUESTIONS Module 35: Pages 539-548 CLICKER QUESTIONS

CH 14: What do we call the period of the late teens to the mid-twenties that bridges the gap between adolescent dependence and responsible adult?
a. Social Clock
b. Identity exploration
c. Self-focus
d. Emerging adulthood

d. Emerging adulthood

CH 14: What did Christopher Munsey call the time in a person's life when one is full of optimism and believes that he or she will find a soul mate?
a. Age of possibilities
b. Ages of feeling between
c. Age of self-focus
d. Age of instability

a. Age of possibilities

CH 14: What is another word for the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines?
a. Social Clock
b. Telomeres
c. Menopause
d. Alzheimer's Disease

c. Menopause

CH 14: What is another term for our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills?
a. Crystallized intelligence
b. Fluid intelligence
c. Dementia
d. Alzheimer's disease

a. Crystallized intelligence

CH 14: Which of the following helps love last longer?
a. Hold back emotional support
b. Keeping leisure activities separate from one another
c. Sharing embarrassing moments
d. Having different political and religious

c. Sharing embarrassing moments

CH 14: In general, which of the following is an accurate statement about older women? a. Middle-aged women with children report being happier than same-aged women with no children b. The empty nest syndrome often brings more happiness than sadness c. Older people are not nearly as happy as younger people d. Those older than 65 are more likely to experience extreme emotions; bad things really drag them down

b. The empty nest syndrome often brings more happiness than sadness

CH 14: What do we call the tendency to judge people based on age?
a. Well-being
b. Ageism
c. Gerontology
d. Crystallized thinking

b. Ageism

CH 14: Which of the following is likely to benefit moving successfully from middle age to your eighties?
a. Cutting strong social relationships
b. Reducing physical activity
c. Using ingenuity to cope with stress
d. Eating and drinking as much as you want

c. Using ingenuity to cope with stress

CH 14: What do we call the kind of care that strives to make a dying person's final days as pleasant as possible?
a. Death-defying intervention
b. Ageism
c. Life satisfaction
d. Hospice

d. Hospice

CH 14: Psychological research has conclusively \________________ the theory that most people go through predictable stages of grieving, such as anger, denial, and acceptance.
a. debunked
b. supported
c. ignored
d. taken a neutral stance towards

a. debunked

CH 15: Which of the following represents a single phoneme?
a. The sound you make when you pronounce "bat"
b. The sound you make when you pronounce "eat"
c. The sound you make when you pronounce "shh"
d. The sound you make when you pronounce "ten"

c. The sound you make when you pronounce "shh"

CH 15: Young babies have the ability to produce
a. all phonemes humans are capable of producing
b. only the phonemes of the language(s) spoken in their homes
c. only the phonemes of the language(s) spoken in their homes and other phonemes from similar languages
d. only the phonemes that are modeled for them by caregivers

a. all phonemes humans are capable of producing

CH 15: A morpheme
a. always communicates meaning
b. determines the order words in a sentence
c. is not likely to be produced by a baby after the babbling stage
d. represents a particular speech sound CH 14:

a. always communicates meaning

CH 15: Noam Chomsky believes that
a. learning language depends primarily on being reinforced for using words correctly
b. learning language involves making associations between words and objects
c. learning language gets easier as children get older
d. the brains of children are predisposed to make it easy to learn language

d. the brains of children are predisposed to make it easy to learn language

CH 15: Which language acquisition theorist best explains the fact that children grow up speaking the language of their parents instead of a foreign language?
a. Chomsky
b. Skinner
c. Both Chomsky and Skinner provide good explanation for this
d. Neither Chomsky and Skinner provides a good explanation for this

b. Skinner

CH 15: Washoe, the chimpanzee,
a. was able to learn only a few signs despite the years of effort by her trainers
b. learned to use several thousand signs appropriately, but could not use them flexibly and creatively as human children
c. learned thousands of symbols and used American Sign Language as effectively as human children
d. was able to teach dozens of signs to another chimpanzee

d. was able to teach dozens of signs to another chimpanzee

CH 15: The first language stage is the \_______ stage.
a. phoneme
b. morpheme
c. babbling
d. one-word

c. babbling

CH 15: Children enter the two-word stage of language when they are about
a. 6 month old
b. 1 year old
c. 2 years old
d. 3 years old

c. 2 years old

CH 15: A person learns, on average, more than \_____ words a day through out childhood.
a. 3
b. 8
c. 13
d. 20

c. 13

CH 15: Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?
a. A child says, "Look at the three deers in the back yard."
b. A child points at the family dog and says, "Meow, meow."
c. A child points at her mother and says, "Daddy!"
d. A child says, "My friend and I has two balls."

a. A child says, "Look at the three deers in the back yard."

CH 16: Learning is generally defined as a change in
a. memory
b. thinking
c. emotion
d. behavior

d. behavior

In classical conditioning
a. a response gains the power to cause a stimulus
b. a stimulus gains the power to cause a response
c. two similar stimuli cause the same response
d. two similar stimuli cause different responses

b. a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

CH 16: A stimulus that produces a response reflexively and automatically is called a(n) \________________ stimulus.
a. conditioned
b. extinguished
c. unconditioned
d. neutral

c. unconditioned

CH 16: A conditioned stimulus always begins as a(n)
a. conditioned response
b. unconditioned response
c. neural stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus

c. neural stimulus

CH 16: Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus produces
a. acquisition
b. extinction
c. discrimination
d. generalization

a. acquisition

CH 16: Ivan Pavlov's original research interest involved
a. how the brain works
b. memory
c. how children learn
d. digestion

d. digestion

CH 16: Which of the following is an example of discrimination?
a. a college student in the shower jumps when someone yells, "Flush!" and when someone yells, "Flesh!"
b. Pavlov's dog salivates to the tones produced by the two different tuning forks
c. Little Albert shows fear in the presence of a rat but not in the presence of a rabbit
d. Antonia is afraid of spiders and wasps

c. Little Albert show fear in the presence of a rat but not in the presence of a rabbit

CH 16: Which of the following demonstrates the importance of cognition in classical conditioning?
a. A neural stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus only if it predicts an unconditioned stimulus
b. A dog will learn to salivate to the sound of one tone, but not to the sound of a different tone
c. A teenager will learn not to eat shrimp if he gets sick from eating shrimp
d. A dog will learn to salivate to a tone similar to one that was trained as a conditioned stimulus

a. A neural stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus only if it predicts an unconditioned stimulus

CH 16: Classical conditioning is probably involved if a(n)
a. little girl learns to fear snakes after watching her older sister freak out when a snake crosses the sidewalk in front of her
b. young woman succeeds in mastering a difficult song on the guitar after months of practice
c. advertiser succeeds in getting customers to develop romantic associations to a product
d. person continues to buy a particular cough drop because he believes it works well

c. advertiser succeeds in getting customers to develop romanctic associations to a product

CH 16: What will happen if a dog that has been classically conditioned to salivate to a tone hears the tone 100 times without having it paired with meat?
a. The salivation response will generalize
b. The salivation response will extinguish
c. Acquisition will occur
d. Taste aversion will occur

b. The salivation response will extinguish

CH 17: In operant conditioning, behavior is determined by
a. pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
b. consequences
c. the attitude of the learner
d. the event that precedes the behavior

b. consequences

CH 17: B. F. Skinner received his first public recognition when an article was published about his
a. work with pigeons in the Skinner box
b. air crib for babies
c. extension of Pavlov's work to animals other than dogs
d. affair with a graduate student

b. air crib for babies

CH 17: Two possible consequences in operant conditioning are
a. cognitive and biological
b. interval and ratio
c. fixed and variable
d. reinforcement and punishment

d. reinforcement and punishment

CH 17: The law of effect indicates that
a. reinforcement increases the future likelihood of a behavior
b. punishment increases the future likelihood of a behavior
c. positive consequences increase the future likelihood of a behavior
d. negative consequences increase the future likelihood of a behavior

c. positive consequences increase the future likelihood of a behavior

CH 17: Which of the following is a secondary reinforcement?
a. lemonade
b. candy
c. a gift certificate
d. bread

c. a gift certificate

CH 17: Punishment can be
a. positive but not negative
b. negative but not positive
c. neither positive nor negative
d. either positive or negative

d. either positive or negative

CH 17: Which of the following is NOT a potential problem with punishment?
a. Punishment is so effective that its results cannot be reversed
b. Punishment can model aggressive behavior for the learner
c. Punishment can cause the learner to avoid the teacher
d. The effects of punishment are temporary

a. Punishment is so effective that its results cannot be reversed

CH 17: A mother has been teaching her child to make his bed. She does this by praising the child's first efforts, even though they are not very good/ The mother is using the technique of
a. shaping
b. extinction
c. discrimination
d. delayed reinforcement

a. shaping

CH 17: Which of the following represents reinforcement on a variable-interval schedule?
a. Ahmad buys 10 raffle tickets, hoping to win the computer given away for a local charity fundraiser
b. Rosie addresses envelopes for a local company. She is paid $20 for every 100 envelopes she completes
c. Charlie studies hard to prepare for his semester finals
d. Juan checks his phone repeatedly to see if an important email has arrived

d. Juan checks his phone repeatedly to see if an important email has arrived

CH 17: The overjustification effect is important because it illustrates the importance of \______________ in operant conditioning.
a. biology
b. extinction
c. cognition
d. discrimination

c. cognition

CH 18: Learning by watching others is called
a. imitative learning
b. operant learning
c. observational learning
d. classical conditioning

c. observational learning

CH 18: You can learn new behaviors by watching a(n)
a. instigator
b. model
c. actor
d. inflatable toy

b. model

CH 18: Groundbreaking research in observational learning was done by
a. John Watson
b. B. F. Skinner
c. Robert Rescorla
d. Albert Bandura

d. Albert Bandura

CH 18: All of the following were important for the original research in observational learning EXCEPT a(n)
a. peer of the learner
b. Bobo doll
c. child who observed videos
d. adult who interacted with toys

a. peer of the learner

CH 18: When children observed adults interacting with inflatable Bobo dolls, they
a. were not likely to imitate aggressive behaviors
b. were aggressive but didn't imitate exact behaviors and words of the adults
c. were aggressive and imitated some of the exact behaviors and words of the adults
d. imitated exact behaviors but not exact words

c. were aggressive and imitated some of the exact behaviors and words of the adults

CH 18: Which of the following is true of vicarious learning?
a. It only applies to aggressive behavior
b. It only applies to nonaggressive behavior
c. It is determined by the consequences of another person's behavior
d. It occurs by observation of media but not real-life events

c. It is determined by the consequences of another person's behavior

CH 18: Mirror neurons
a. are located in the brain of the model but not in the brain of the observer
b. are located in the brain of the observer but not in the brain of the model
c. provide a neurological explanation of why aggression modeled in the media is more significant than aggression modeled in real life
d. provide neurological learning occurs

d. provide a neurological learning occurs

CH 18: Which of the following is an example of prosocial behavior?
a. A high school class collecting cans for a food drive
b. A student studying to do her best job ever on a psychology test
c. A star athlete dunking a basketball
d. A politician harassing a student intern

a. A high school class collecting cans for a food drive

CH 18: Which of the following has NOT proven to be necessary for observational learning?
a. Witnessing a behavior at least three times
b. Remembering the modeled behavior
c. The ability to reproduce the behavior
d. Motivation to learn

a. Witnessing a behavior at least three times

CH 18: All of the following are conclusions of the American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth EXCEPT:
a. higher levels of viewing violence on television are associated with increased aggressive attitudes
b. higher levels of viewing violence on television are associated with increased aggressive behaviors
c. exposure of children to media violence can have lifelong consequences
d. media violence and aggressive behavior by viewers are correlated, but this may not represent a cause-and-effect relationship

d. media violence and aggressive behavior by viewers are correlated, but this may not represent a cause-and-effect relationship

CH 19: An actor being typecast for the same type of role over and over again is an example of which of the following?
a. groupthink
b. situation explanation
c. fundamental attribution error
d. self-serving bias

c. fundamental attribution error

CH 19: Alan is a new friend you met in biology class. One day he comes into class and passes you without responding to your "hello" and sits at his desk with his head down. If you interpret his behavior using situational attribution, you tell yourself,
a. "He's ignoring me. I knew he was kind of stuck on himself."
b. "He's sometimes a little weird. I'm going to forget him."
c. "I thought he liked me. I guess we're not friends after all."
d. "He must be having a bad day. I should ask him if he's okay."

d. "He must be having a bad day. I should ask him if he's okay."

CH 19: What concept is occurring when we try to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts and actions are inconsistent?
a. cognitive dissonance
b. fundamental attribution error
c. social influences
d. self-serving bias

a. cognitive dissonance

CH 19: What is happening when people who have at first agreed to a small request later agree to a larger request?
a. role playing
b. cognitive dissonance
c. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
d. the effects of attitudes on actions

c. foot-in-the-door phenomenon

CH 19: As you are headed to the library, two of your best friends run into you ask you to join them for a movie. You tell them you have to study for a test tomorrow, but they are very persuasive and tease you about being a nerd. You agree to go to the movie even though you know you should be studying. What is this behavior an example of?
a. fundamental attribution error
b. conformity
c. social facilitation
d. obedience

b. conformity

CH 19: Stanley Milgram conducted studies finding that ordinary people could be corrupted by an evil situation. These studies researched what phenomenon?
a. obedience to authority
b. conformity
c. social facilitation
d. group polarization

a. obedience to authority

CH 19: Discussion among like-minded people tends to strengthen preexisting attitudes. This is an example of which of the following?
a. social loafing
b. group polarization
c. groupthink
d. minority influence

b. group polarization

CH 19: Which of the following is an example of "groupthink"?
a. welcoming various opinions
b. inviting experts to critique plans
c. keeping harmony among the team
d. considering pros and cons of an issue

c. keeping harmony among the team

CH 19: Tasks that are hard for us seem harder when we have others watching/ Conversely, we are likely to do better with tasks that are easy for us when we have a supportive audience/ This is an example of which of the following?
a. group polarization
b. social loafing
c. social facilitation
d. groupthink

c. social facilitation

CH 19: Which of the following is an example of "conformity"?
a. If being correct matters and we're feeling unsure, we are influenced by the opinion of others.
b. We are likely to do what an authority figure tells us to do and are unlikely to be defiant.
c. If we are asked to perform a task, we are likely to do better in the presence of others.
d. When we are around like-minded people, our attitudes will migrate to the extreme.

a. If being correct matters and we're feeling unsure, we are influenced by the opinion of others.

CH 20: Liking something you didn't initially care for is an example of what?
a. similarity
b. the mere exposure effect
c. companionate love
d. attraction

b. the mere exposure effect

CH 20: Researchers have found that first impressions and the desire to get to know someone is based on what?
a. appearance
b. politeness
c. intelligence
d. charm

a. appearance

CH 20: Altruism is defined as
a. a condition in which people contribute to and receive from a relationship at a similar rate
b. the revealing of intimate aspects of oneself to others
c. an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
d. deep, affectionate attachment for those with whom our lives are intertwined

c. an unselfish regard for the welfare of others

CH 20: In which situation are we most likely to give help to someone else as described by the bystander effect?
a. A woman falls nearby in a crowded shopping mall
b. A child falls into the deep end at a public swimming pool
c. A car accident happens in the next lane on a busy street
d. A man riding a bike on a secluded trail crashes nearby

d. A man riding a bike on a secluded trail crashes nearby

CH 20: An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members is called
a. prejudice
b. stereotype
c. categorization
d. discrimination

a. prejudice

CH 20: A generalized belief about a group of people is called
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. categorization
d. a stereotype

d. a stereotype

CH 20: Taking action against a group of people because of stereotyped beliefs and feelings is called
a. prejudice
b. scapegoat theory
c. discrimination
d. categorization

c. discrimination

CH 20: Prejudice that offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame is called
a. categorization
b. scapegoat theory
c. discrimination
d. a stereotype

b. scapegoat theory

CH 20: Which of the following statements is an example of just-world phenomenon?
a. People get what they deserve
b. People of "that group" are the same
c. Strangers can't be trusted
d. I'm afraid of people who look different from me

a. People get what they deserve

CH 20: Which of the following is an example of a superordinate goal?
a. Student write essays to win a college scholarship
b. Rival high school football teams play for the state championship
c. Adults and teens plan and build a neighborhood skate park
d. Dance teams across the city meet for an annual competition

c. Adults and teens plan and build a neighborhood skate park

CH 21: What do we call a segment of DNA that determines our individual biological development?
a. a cell
b. a gene
c. a chromosome
d. a nucleus

b. a gene

CH 21: Behavior geneticists would be most interested in which research question?
a. How do humans perceive taste?
b. Which region of the brain controls speech?
c. Do chromosomes or environment influence personality more?
d. What is the most effective way to train mice to push a lever?

c. Do chromosomes or environment influence personality more?

CH 21: What have studies with twins helped researchers learn more about?
a. heritability
b. chromosomes
c. mutations
d. adoption

a. heritability

CH 21: Which of the following describes the "nature-nurture" issue?
a. identical and fraternal twins
b. DNA and chromosomes
c. norms and culture
d. genes and environment

d. genes and environment

CH 21: What would explain the idea that adopted children are more similar in political beliefs to their adopted parents than to their biological parents?
a. DNA mutations
b. genes
c. nurture
d. heritability

c. nurture

CH 21: What do we call the shared attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a group that have been communicated over generations?
a. culture
b. nature
c. norms
d. development

a. culture

CH 21: What is the name for twins that are created as a result of a single fertilized egg dividing into two?
a. inherited
b. identical
c. mutation
d. fraternal

b. identical

CH 21: What do we call random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in an individual's genetic code?
a. genetics
b. DNA
c. inheritance
d. fraternal

d. fraternal

CH 21: Why does your doctor ask about your family medical history?
a. to know what might be contagious in your family
b. to better understand what stress you're under
c. to know what medical predisposition you may have
d. to educate you on how to care for your family members

c. to know what medical predisposition you may have

CH 21: Multiple studies have shown results that adopted children share more personality traits with their biological parents than with their adoptive parents. How have researchers interpreted these findings?
a. Genes have a strong influence on personality.
b. Adoptive parents have a strong influence on personality.
c. Mutations in genes have a strong influence on personality.
d. Peers have a strong influence on personality.

a. Genes have a strong influence on personality.

CH 22: What type of culture raises people more likely to value the needs of the group?
a. collectivist
b. individualist
c. behaviorist
d. impressionist

a. collectivist

CH 22: What has "cross-cultural" research found?
a. All behaviors are culture bond
b. All behaviors are universal
c. Some behaviors are culture specific
d. No behaviors are universal

c. Some behaviors are culture specific

CH 22: What do we call the tendency to view the world from our own cultural lens?
a. individualism
b. collectivism
c. mannerism
d. ethnocentrism

d. ethnocentrism

CH 22: What determines your sex at conception?
a. a nucleotide
b. an X or Y chromosome from your mother
c. an X or Y chromosome from your father
d. genes

c. an X or Y chromosome from your father

CH 22: What do we call the identification of male and female, based on socially and culturally influenced characteristics?
a. attachment
b. gender
c. sex
d. amygdala

b. gender

CH 22: What do we call the way we behave in society based on what society says is appropriate for our sex?
a. gender role
b. ethnocentricity
c. gender identity
d. culture

a. gender role

CH 22: What biological pair influences aggressive behavior?
a. chromosomes and DNA
b. amygdala and testosterone
c. nucleotides and chromosomes
d. nature and nurture

b. amygdala and testosterone

CH 22: What do we call the set of behaviors and beliefs learned from the people in our environment?
a. culture
b. ethnicity
c. climate
d. race

a. culture

CH 22: Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences culture development and diversity, as studied by Dr. David Matsumoto?
a. population density
b. climate
c. resources
d. individualism

d. individualism

CH 22: Of the 195 countries in the world. how many have governing bodies (for example, a congress or a parliament) that are over 50 percent female?
a. 120
b. 95
c. 40
d. 2

d. 2

CH 23: Which of the following sequences is in the correct order?
a. sensory memory, encoding, short-term/working memory, retrieval
b. short-term/working memory, sensory memory, encoding, retrieval
c. short-term/working memory, encoding, sensory memory, retrieval
d. encoding, sensory memory, short-term/working memory, retrieval

d. encoding, sensory memory, short-term/working memory, retrieval

CH 23: Which of the following is an example of automatic processing?
a. encoding your new password to your Twitter account
b. encoding of where a particular photograph appears on the page of this textbook
c. encoding of the three steps of the information-processing model
d. encoding the names of your co-workers when you begin a new job

b. encoding of where a particular photograph appears on the page of this textbook

CH 23: The self-reference effect is a tool used to improve
a. semantic encoding
b. disturbed rehearsal
c. chunking
d. mnemonic devices

a. semantic encoding

CH 23: Hermann Ebbinghaus's research established the importance of
a. mnemonic devices
b. the serial position effect
c. semantic encoding
d. rehearsal

d. rehearsal

CH 23: Which of the following is associated with sensory memory?
a. the hippocampus
b. long-term potentiation
c. the echoic store
d. recall

c. the echoic store

CH 23: Short-term/working memory
a. holds a lot of information and lasts a long.
b. holds a lot of information but only lasts a short time.
c. doesn't hold much information but lasts a long time.
d. doesn't hold much information and only lasts a short time.

d. doesn't hold much information and only lasts a short time.

CH 23: A vivid memory of meeting the person who later becomes your spouse is an example of
a. working memory.
b. the serial position effect
c. a flashbulb memory
d. the iconic store

c. a flashbulb memory

CH 23: An example of an implicit memory is remembering
a. details of a trip to your grandparents' house last summer
b. how to walk.
c. your cell phone number
d. how to change Wi-FI networks on your cell phone

b. how to walk.

CH 23: What best explains the finding that if you think always drink coffee while studying, you will probably do better on tests if you also drink coffee?
a. state-dependent memory
b. long-term potentiation
c. implicit memory
d. flashbulb memory

a. state-dependent memory

CH 23: The cerebellum is involved in \____________________________ memory.
a. flashbulb
b. iconic
c. implicit
d. explicit

c. implicit