________ are larger than atoms because the atom has an overall negative charge, increasing the amount of electron- electron repulsions.
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photoelectron spectrum
A(n) ________ (PES) is a graph of the ionization energies for all electrons when ejected from the nucleus.
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Electrons
________ have significantly less mass than protons and neutrons and do not contribute to the mass.
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Electronegativity
________ is how much an elements nucleus attracts electrons.
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Isotopes
________ are atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons, but same amount of protons.
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Molarity
________ (M) expresses the concentration of a solution in terms of volume.
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Percent composition
________ is the percent by mass of each element in a compound.
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Aufbau principle
________ says electrons must fill up orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing energy.
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electromagnetic radiation
When electrons absorb ________, a form of energy, the electrons can jump to higher energy levels.
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Bohr model
The ________ serves the purpose of understanding atomic structure rather than structural accuracy.
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Avogadros Number
________ is the number of atoms in a single mole of any given element.
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electrostatic force
The ________ is the attraction between opposite charges and the strength can vary depending on now for the charges are from each other.
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subshell
A(n) ________ is the shape of the space an electron can be found in.
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ionization energy
Once a shell is empty, the ________ greatly increases because it is closer to the nucleus.
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mass spectrometry
determines the average mass for different isotopes of a specific element
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Coulomb’s Law
the closer an electron is to the nucleus, the stronger the attraction and the less potential energy there is.
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
________ states that when two electrons fill up an orbital, they must spin in opposite directions: clockwise and counterclockwise.
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Hund’s Rule
________ states that when electrons are filling the orbitals of the subshell, they will only have two in one orbital when it is not possible to have each electron in its own orbital.
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valence electrons
electrons in the outermost shell of an element
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cation
an ion that is positively charged after giving up an electron
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