AP BIO TEST CH. 1-5

What is true about buffers?

they maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them

What process builds polymers like polysaccharides?

dehydration

What are some examples of polysaccharides in plants?

cellulose & starch

What are some examples of polysaccharides in animals?

glycogen & chitin

What are some other examples of macromolecules that are built up by dehydration?

carbohydrates, lipids, protein

How are polysaccharides broken down to monosaccharides?

hydration or hydrolysis

Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

lipids

What are examples of lipids?

butter (Mrs. Cruz’s FAV), Fats, Oils, Steroids

What are vegetable lipids made of?

C,H,O

What are phospholipids made of?

C,H,O & P

Which lipid has ringed structures?

steroid

If a lipid is unsaturated will it have double or single bonds?

double bonds

What shape does an unsaturated lipid have?

bent

Where are phospholipids found?

cell membranes

What elements are carbohydrates made of? What is the ratio?

C,H,O & 1:2:1 ratio

What elements are proteins made of?

C,H,O,N, & S

What elements are nucleic acids made of?

C,H,O,N, & P

What are the bases found in DNA?

(A) adenine, (C) cytosine, (G) guanine, (T) thymine

Which of these bases are larger and what are they called?

adenine and guanine, and they are called the purine group

Which of the bases are smaller and what are they called?

cytosine, thymine, and uracil, and they are called pyrimidines

What bond holds together the amino acids?

peptide bond

What bond holds together the nitrogen bases in DNA?

hydrogen bonds

What is the primary structure of a protein?

a linear chain

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

a helix shape or a beta-pleated shape due to hydrogen bonds

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

R-group interaction, disulfide bridges, polypeptide backbone, and ionic bond

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

2 + polypeptides bonding

What is a controlled experiment?

Test experimental and control groups in comparison

What best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?

the structure and function of DNA

Why is moderation of temperature possible?

water’s high specific heat

What property of water is mainly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temp?

The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

Why is water a good solvent?

because it is a polar molecule, it can surround and dissolve ionic and polar molecules

What states that organisms with certain traits tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than others with differing traits?

natural selection

What term refers to evolutionary theory that simple one-celled organisms became massive multicellular organisms with complex systems?

emergent properties

What domains do prokaryotes belong to?

archaea and bacteria

What is the pH of water?

7

What is the pH of an acid?

1-6

What is the pH of a base?

8-14

Which is stronger, a covalent or hydrogen bond?

covalent bond