DigestionNutrition Review clinical medicine

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44 Terms

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Digestive System

Takes complex foods and breaks them down into simple nutrient molecules so that those simple nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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Digestive tube

GI tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Gut, Alimentary canal

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Accessory digestive organs

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, Pancreas

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Types of diets

Herbivore - plant eater, Carnivore - meat eater, Omnivore - eats a variety of plants and meat sources

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Monogastric digestive system

One stomach

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Ruminant digestive system

One true stomach with 3 fore stomachs for mixing and fermenting

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Gastro

Stomach

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Enteric

Intestines

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Enteritis

Inflammation of the intestines

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Functions of the digestive tract

Prehension, Mastication, Chemical digestion, Absorption of nutrients and water, and Elimination of waste

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Layers of the GI wall

Mucosa - lining layer consisting of lining epithelium and loose connective tissue, Submucosa - contains glands and dense connective tissue, Muscle - thick muscle for peristalsis and segmental contractions, Serosa - outermost layer of thin, tough connective tissue

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Connective tissue that suspends the digestive tube in the abdomen

Mesentery - contains connective tissue and blood vessels

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Peristaltic contractions

Moves ingesta along the tube in waves

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Segmental contractions

Mixes ingesta back and forth in a mixing motion

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Key structures in the mouth

Lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, hard palate, soft palate, and oropharynx

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Four pairs of salivary glands

Parotid, mandibular, sublingual (bonus:zygomatic in carnivores)

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Digestive enzymes

Proteins that promote chemical reactions to split complex food molecules

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Animals with amylase in their saliva

Ruminants - breaks down carbohydrates (sugars)

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Lipase

Enzyme that breaks down fats or lipids

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Esophagus enters the stomach at

Cardia

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Monogastric stomach areas

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum (or Antrum), and pylorus

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Segments of the small intestine in order

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

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Cecum

Blind pouch of the large intestines between the ileum and the colon

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Small intestine adaptation for increased surface area

Folds in the walls called villi and microvilli (brush border)

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Most cases of diarrhea caused by

Lack of segmental contractions in the small intestine

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Condition of decreased movement of ingesta

Ileus

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Nutrients absorbed intact into the small intestine wall

Water, electrolytes, and vitamins

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Nutrients that must be chemically digested

Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

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Organization setting nutritional assessment guidelines

AAHA

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5 Vital Assessments

Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate, Pain, Nutrition

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RVT responsibilities in regards to nutrition

Increase quality of care, establish a bond with clients, increase profitability

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Ways to fulfill RVT responsibilities in regards to nutrition

Client education, discuss therapeutic diets

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Goals of nutrition for companion animals

Maintain health, maximize length and quality of life

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Goals of nutrition for large animals

Maximize meat or milk production, rapid meat production, increased quality of milk production

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Factors affecting daily nutritional needs of dogs and cats

Species, Age, Activity Level, Purpose of life, Weather, Reproductive Status, Injury

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Weather's effect on daily nutritional needs of dogs and cats

Caloric intake should be increased during cold weather

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Nutrient

Substance that provides nourishment to an organism allowing it to carry out its normal functions

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Three categories of nutrients

Water, Macronutrients, Micronutrients

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Energy-producing nutrients

Carbs, Protein, Fats

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Non-energy producing nutrients

Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements

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Essential nutrients

Cannot be manufactured by the body and must be obtained from the diet

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Non-essential nutrients

Can be manufactured by the body and does not have to be obtained from the diet

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Conditionally essential nutrients

Must be obtained from the diet during certain life stages or disease processes

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Salivary glands

Parotid, mandibular, sublingual (bonus:zygomatic in carnivores)