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Digestive System
Takes complex foods and breaks them down into simple nutrient molecules so that those simple nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream
Digestive tube
GI tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Gut, Alimentary canal
Accessory digestive organs
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, Pancreas
Types of diets
Herbivore - plant eater, Carnivore - meat eater, Omnivore - eats a variety of plants and meat sources
Monogastric digestive system
One stomach
Ruminant digestive system
One true stomach with 3 fore stomachs for mixing and fermenting
Gastro
Stomach
Enteric
Intestines
Enteritis
Inflammation of the intestines
Functions of the digestive tract
Prehension, Mastication, Chemical digestion, Absorption of nutrients and water, and Elimination of waste
Layers of the GI wall
Mucosa - lining layer consisting of lining epithelium and loose connective tissue, Submucosa - contains glands and dense connective tissue, Muscle - thick muscle for peristalsis and segmental contractions, Serosa - outermost layer of thin, tough connective tissue
Connective tissue that suspends the digestive tube in the abdomen
Mesentery - contains connective tissue and blood vessels
Peristaltic contractions
Moves ingesta along the tube in waves
Segmental contractions
Mixes ingesta back and forth in a mixing motion
Key structures in the mouth
Lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, hard palate, soft palate, and oropharynx
Four pairs of salivary glands
Parotid, mandibular, sublingual (bonus:zygomatic in carnivores)
Digestive enzymes
Proteins that promote chemical reactions to split complex food molecules
Animals with amylase in their saliva
Ruminants - breaks down carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipase
Enzyme that breaks down fats or lipids
Esophagus enters the stomach at
Cardia
Monogastric stomach areas
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum (or Antrum), and pylorus
Segments of the small intestine in order
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
Cecum
Blind pouch of the large intestines between the ileum and the colon
Small intestine adaptation for increased surface area
Folds in the walls called villi and microvilli (brush border)
Most cases of diarrhea caused by
Lack of segmental contractions in the small intestine
Condition of decreased movement of ingesta
Ileus
Nutrients absorbed intact into the small intestine wall
Water, electrolytes, and vitamins
Nutrients that must be chemically digested
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Organization setting nutritional assessment guidelines
AAHA
5 Vital Assessments
Temperature, Heart Rate, Respiration Rate, Pain, Nutrition
RVT responsibilities in regards to nutrition
Increase quality of care, establish a bond with clients, increase profitability
Ways to fulfill RVT responsibilities in regards to nutrition
Client education, discuss therapeutic diets
Goals of nutrition for companion animals
Maintain health, maximize length and quality of life
Goals of nutrition for large animals
Maximize meat or milk production, rapid meat production, increased quality of milk production
Factors affecting daily nutritional needs of dogs and cats
Species, Age, Activity Level, Purpose of life, Weather, Reproductive Status, Injury
Weather's effect on daily nutritional needs of dogs and cats
Caloric intake should be increased during cold weather
Nutrient
Substance that provides nourishment to an organism allowing it to carry out its normal functions
Three categories of nutrients
Water, Macronutrients, Micronutrients
Energy-producing nutrients
Carbs, Protein, Fats
Non-energy producing nutrients
Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements
Essential nutrients
Cannot be manufactured by the body and must be obtained from the diet
Non-essential nutrients
Can be manufactured by the body and does not have to be obtained from the diet
Conditionally essential nutrients
Must be obtained from the diet during certain life stages or disease processes
Salivary glands
Parotid, mandibular, sublingual (bonus:zygomatic in carnivores)