1054, Christianity split into eastern orthodox and Catholicism
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what is an indulgence
money paid to priests to pardon sins
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what did martin luther do in 1517
post the 95 theses on a church in wittenburg
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luther's 3 main ideas
faith is the only way to salvation, church traditions must come from the bible, all people of faith are equal (no priests necessary!)
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who was charlamagne
the 1st holy roman emperor
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excommunicate
to be removed from the church
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who issued the edict of worms
charles the V in 1521
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what was the edict of worms
called luther a heretic and outlaw
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who was frederick the wise
protected luther, let him hide in saxony where he translated the bible from latin to germany
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who were the protestant princes
supporters of luther
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what ended the war between charles V and the protestant princes
peace treaty, peace of Augsburg in 1555
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why was henry not allowed a divorce by the catholic church
it would offend charlemagne the holy roman emperor, nephew of catherine of aragon
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oath of supremacy
established henry as the leader of the church in england (anglican church)
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who were henry VIII's 6 wives
catherine of aragon, anne boleyn, jane seymour, anne of cleves, catherine howard, catherine parr
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who were the elect
a very small group of people destined to go to heaven
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what does the Institute of the Christian Religion state
people are sinful by nature
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what is predestination
everyone is already predetermined to go to either heaven or hell by God
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what was the reformation
roman catholicism split into a second branch called protestantism (16th century)
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beliefs of calvinism
ideal government = theocracy, very strict (no dancing games and fun ), implemented in geneva therefore it was the model city
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inspiration for presbyterianism?
john knox visited geneva and saw the calvinists there
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what were french calvinists called
huguenots
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anabaptists beliefs?
group that baptized only those who were old enough to decide to be Christian (should be rebaptized as adults), church and state should be separate, pacifists
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who were the jesuits
followers of the pope’s society of jesus
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what 3 activities did the jesuits focus on?
founded schools thru out europe, convert non christians to catholicism, and stop the spread of protestantism
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what was decided by the council of trent?
church’s interpretation of the bible was final, christians need both faith AND good works for salvation, bible power = church power, indulgences are ok expressions of faith (banned false sellign)
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3 motivations for exploration?
god, glory, and gold
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what technology enabled european explorers to sail against the wind?
the caravel
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why was italy the best place for the renaissance
wealthy merchant class, very urban
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when did constantinople, the capital of the byzantine empire, fall
1453
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what was the spirit/underlying message of the renaissance?
love this life, not just the afterlife
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what were the 2 stages of the renaissance?
started in italy, then moved to northern/western (north of the alps): emphasis on human rights/dignity for all, catholic church (christian humansim), education for all
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who invented the printing press
johannes gutenberg in 1440
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what did the treaty of tordesillas do
split the world into different parts so each country could have their own land to colonize/explore, the spanish claimed the new world, the portuguese claimed the east + brazil
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what is a cartaza
ticket so people other than the portuguese could trade
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what was tenochtitlan?
a huge aztec city, polytheistic, they thought hernan cortez was a god (according to the priest cortez served quetzacoatl), treated the spanish really nicely → then war!!
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who invaded peru
francisco pizarro, he invaded the capital, cuzco
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what was the enconmienda system
Queen isabella granted spanish explorers the right to enslave indigenous people
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who ended the enconmienda system?
bartholomew de las Casas
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who was zheng he and what did he do?
chinese explorer, visited many places in the indian ocean during the ming time period (1368 to 1644)
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why did china not do a ton of exploring?
they already had all the goods they needed
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when and where were the last muslims kicked out of spain
1492, grenada
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what was the spanish inquisition
kicking out people who weren’t christian (convert or die!), therefore muslims & jews fled to the ottoman empire
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who was prince henry the navigator
1394 to 1460, taught people how to sail (didn’t actually sail himself)
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who was bartholomew dias
found the best way to sail = away from the coast, reached the southern tip of africa
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who was vasco de gama
“discovered“ India in 1498
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who founded the ottoman empire
osman I
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where were the turks originally from
the steppe, fled to anatolia (modern day turkey), then divided into states, osman ruled the northwest state
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what was the crusade of nicopolis?
1396, french knights aided the king of hungary, but then he got drunk so it was a bad attack, the ottomans won
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what is a janissary
soldiers, slaves of the sultan but somehow better
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who was mehmet II?
became ruler of ottoman empire in 1444, conquered constantinople
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suleiman the magnificent’s victories?
1526, the battle of Mohacs vs. hungary, he led the ottomans to victory, combined buda and pest, however he failed to conquer vienn
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who was the grand vizier
oversaw the bureaucracy of the ottoman empire
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what was the secular law in the ottoman empire called
qanun
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what was the millet system
people sorted into groups aka a millet to better manage the community’s affairs
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true or false suleiman banned blood libels
true, in order to help persecuted jews
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what was the ACTUAL downfall of the ottoman empire, versus what they think caused their downfall?
they weren’t very scientific (super behind in military tech), scapegoated the women (harem)
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who was the biggest rival of the ottoman empire?
the safavid empire in iran
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were the mugals followers of shiite or sunni islam?
sunni
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who was ashoka the great
emperor of morian empire
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who did babur I claim descent from
tamerlane
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who was akbar
ruler of mughal empire from 1556 to 1605, established the hindu tax known as jizya, hindu financial minister was named todar mal, very tolerant
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what was the hindu tax implemented by akbar known as
jizya
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what tax system did todar mal implement in the mughal empire
a progressive income tax system
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true or false the mughal empire emperors were in this order: Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan
true
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how did the british colonialize india so easily?
it was already fragmented due to bankruptcy and famine
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rough time period of the ming dynasty?
1388 to 1644
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why did the ming dynasty kick out the mongols?
to restore traditional chinese values
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who was the founder of the ming dynasty
hongwu
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what was the civil service exam in china
exam to enter the bureaucracy, anyone could take it, castration for all employees
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true or false china became isolationist after a couple expeditions by yonglo across the indian ocean
true
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why did the ming dynasty go downhill
invaded by the manchus from manchurian, they formed a new dynasty known as the qing
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who was the first emperor of the qing dynasty
kangxi
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rough time period of qing dynasty
1644 to 1911
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who was kangxi succeeded by?
qianlong, his grandson
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what was the kowtow ceremony
prostrate in front of the emperor by bowing down, dutch did this = ez trade (paying respects = good for relations lol) but british ambassador George Macartney refused to
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what british ambassador refused to perform the kowtow ceremony
George Macartney
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how did the british weaken china
forced opium grown in india into china
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what is a daimyo
local lord in japan (kinda like a duke/earl)
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how did Tokugawa Ieyasu become shogun
fought his rivals in the 1600s in the battle of Sekigaharo
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rough time period of the tokugawa shogunate?
1600 to 1868
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what was the capital of the tokugawa shogunate
old edo (now tokyo)
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true or false the japanese were open to trade with the europeans?
true, they welcomed the portuguese and learned about many technologies (cannons, glasses, clocks etc), however they were skeptical of christianity (thus banned in 1612)
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what was the role of matthew perry in japanese trade with the us?
initiated trade in the 1850s, demanded the japanese to open their gates
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when did the tokugawa shogunate fall
1868
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what was the reform in japan after the fall of the tokugawa shogunate known as?
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