History Unit 3

when and what was the great schism?

1054, Christianity split into eastern orthodox and Catholicism

what is an indulgence

money paid to priests to pardon sins

what did martin luther do in 1517

post the 95 theses on a church in wittenburg

luther's 3 main ideas

faith is the only way to salvation, church traditions must come from the bible, all people of faith are equal (no priests necessary!)

who was charlamagne

the 1st holy roman emperor

excommunicate

to be removed from the church

who issued the edict of worms

charles the V in 1521

what was the edict of worms

called luther a heretic and outlaw

who was frederick the wise

protected luther, let him hide in saxony where he translated the bible from latin to germany

who were the protestant princes

supporters of luther

what ended the war between charles V and the protestant princes

peace treaty, peace of Augsburg in 1555

why was henry not allowed a divorce by the catholic church

it would offend charlemagne the holy roman emperor, nephew of catherine of aragon

oath of supremacy

established henry as the leader of the church in england (anglican church)

who were henry VIII's 6 wives

catherine of aragon, anne boleyn, jane seymour, anne of cleves, catherine howard, catherine parr

who were the elect

a very small group of people destined to go to heaven

what does the Institute of the Christian Religion state

people are sinful by nature

what is predestination

everyone is already predetermined to go to either heaven or hell by God

what was the reformation

roman catholicism split into a second branch called protestantism (16th century)

beliefs of calvinism

ideal government = theocracy, very strict (no dancing games and fun ), implemented in geneva therefore it was the model city

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inspiration for presbyterianism?

john knox visited geneva and saw the calvinists there

what were french calvinists called

huguenots

anabaptists beliefs?

group that baptized only those who were old enough to decide to be Christian (should be rebaptized as adults), church and state should be separate, pacifists

who were the jesuits

followers of the pope’s society of jesus

what 3 activities did the jesuits focus on?

founded schools thru out europe, convert non christians to catholicism, and stop the spread of protestantism

what was decided by the council of trent?

church’s interpretation of the bible was final, christians need both faith AND good works for salvation, bible power = church power, indulgences are ok expressions of faith (banned false sellign)

3 motivations for exploration?

god, glory, and gold

what technology enabled european explorers to sail against the wind?

the caravel

why was italy the best place for the renaissance

wealthy merchant class, very urban

when did constantinople, the capital of the byzantine empire, fall

1453

what was the spirit/underlying message of the renaissance?

love this life, not just the afterlife

what were the 2 stages of the renaissance?

started in italy, then moved to northern/western (north of the alps): emphasis on human rights/dignity for all, catholic church (christian humansim), education for all

who invented the printing press

johannes gutenberg in 1440

what did the treaty of tordesillas do

split the world into different parts so each country could have their own land to colonize/explore, the spanish claimed the new world, the portuguese claimed the east + brazil

what is a cartaza

ticket so people other than the portuguese could trade

what was tenochtitlan?

a huge aztec city, polytheistic, they thought hernan cortez was a god (according to the priest cortez served quetzacoatl), treated the spanish really nicely → then war!!

who invaded peru

francisco pizarro, he invaded the capital, cuzco

what was the enconmienda system

Queen isabella granted spanish explorers the right to enslave indigenous people

who ended the enconmienda system?

bartholomew de las Casas

who was zheng he and what did he do?

chinese explorer, visited many places in the indian ocean during the ming time period (1368 to 1644)

why did china not do a ton of exploring?

they already had all the goods they needed

when and where were the last muslims kicked out of spain

1492, grenada

what was the spanish inquisition

kicking out people who weren’t christian (convert or die!), therefore muslims & jews fled to the ottoman empire

who was prince henry the navigator

1394 to 1460, taught people how to sail (didn’t actually sail himself)

who was bartholomew dias

found the best way to sail = away from the coast, reached the southern tip of africa

who was vasco de gama

“discovered“ India in 1498

who founded the ottoman empire

osman I

where were the turks originally from

the steppe, fled to anatolia (modern day turkey), then divided into states, osman ruled the northwest state

what was the crusade of nicopolis?

1396, french knights aided the king of hungary, but then he got drunk so it was a bad attack, the ottomans won

what is a janissary

soldiers, slaves of the sultan but somehow better

who was mehmet II?

became ruler of ottoman empire in 1444, conquered constantinople

suleiman the magnificent’s victories?

1526, the battle of Mohacs vs. hungary, he led the ottomans to victory, combined buda and pest, however he failed to conquer vienn

who was the grand vizier

oversaw the bureaucracy of the ottoman empire

what was the secular law in the ottoman empire called

qanun

what was the millet system

people sorted into groups aka a millet to better manage the community’s affairs

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true or false suleiman banned blood libels

true, in order to help persecuted jews

what was the ACTUAL downfall of the ottoman empire, versus what they think caused their downfall?

they weren’t very scientific (super behind in military tech), scapegoated the women (harem)

who was the biggest rival of the ottoman empire?

the safavid empire in iran

were the mugals followers of shiite or sunni islam?

sunni

who was ashoka the great

emperor of morian empire

who did babur I claim descent from

tamerlane

who was akbar

ruler of mughal empire from 1556 to 1605, established the hindu tax known as jizya, hindu financial minister was named todar mal, very tolerant

what was the hindu tax implemented by akbar known as

jizya

what tax system did todar mal implement in the mughal empire

a progressive income tax system

true or false the mughal empire emperors were in this order: Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan

true

how did the british colonialize india so easily?

it was already fragmented due to bankruptcy and famine

rough time period of the ming dynasty?

1388 to 1644

why did the ming dynasty kick out the mongols?

to restore traditional chinese values

who was the founder of the ming dynasty

hongwu

what was the civil service exam in china

exam to enter the bureaucracy, anyone could take it, castration for all employees

true or false china became isolationist after a couple expeditions by yonglo across the indian ocean

true

why did the ming dynasty go downhill

invaded by the manchus from manchurian, they formed a new dynasty known as the qing

who was the first emperor of the qing dynasty

kangxi

rough time period of qing dynasty

1644 to 1911

who was kangxi succeeded by?

qianlong, his grandson

what was the kowtow ceremony

prostrate in front of the emperor by bowing down, dutch did this = ez trade (paying respects = good for relations lol) but british ambassador George Macartney refused to

what british ambassador refused to perform the kowtow ceremony

George Macartney

how did the british weaken china

forced opium grown in india into china

what is a daimyo

local lord in japan (kinda like a duke/earl)

how did Tokugawa Ieyasu become shogun

fought his rivals in the 1600s in the battle of Sekigaharo

rough time period of the tokugawa shogunate?

1600 to 1868

what was the capital of the tokugawa shogunate

old edo (now tokyo)

true or false the japanese were open to trade with the europeans?

true, they welcomed the portuguese and learned about many technologies (cannons, glasses, clocks etc), however they were skeptical of christianity (thus banned in 1612)

what was the role of matthew perry in japanese trade with the us?

initiated trade in the 1850s, demanded the japanese to open their gates

when did the tokugawa shogunate fall

1868

what was the reform in japan after the fall of the tokugawa shogunate known as?

the meiji period

define a state

governing apparatus, can be a monarchy