Chapter 6: Constitutional Foundations

________ presented his Virginia Plan, which proposed a strong national government, before the Convention officially began.

James Madison

________ is defined by political scientist Harold Laswell as "who gets what, when, and how.

Politics

The ________ debated on representation in the national legislature and arrived at the Great (Connecticut) Compromise.

Constitutional Convention

The ________ became America's first national government in May 1775.

Second Continental Congress

________: Voluntary agreement between members of society and government, defining and limiting rights and duties.

Social contract

________ was chosen as the president of the Convention.

George Washington

The Preamble lists the six goals for the ________ and explains why the Constitution was written.

American government

________ and usage: Traditions that have been incorporated into the political system and which have lasted over time have changed the meaning of the Constitution, such as senatorial courtesy in the Senate and the "no- third- term "tradition in the presidency until the Twenty- Second Amendment made it part of the Constitution.

Custom

________ had limited powers, such as borrowing money, creating a national army and navy, declaring war, creating post offices, and signing treaties.

Congress

The ________ is the introductory statement that precedes the main text of the Constitution.

Preamble

________: a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states.

Federalism

People have ________ (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) given by God, not the king.

inalienable rights

Promoting the ________: providing public services and economic health of the nation.

general welfare

The ________ and Slave Trade Compromise addressed the differences between northern and southern states regarding exports and the slave trade.

Commerce

Aristocracy- Rule by the elite, determined by ________ /wealth.

social status

From 1607 to ________, the American colonies were in a continuous state of political self- development.

1776

Insuring ________: preservation of public order.

domestic tranquility

________: People are the source of all governmental power, with ultimate power and authority resting with "we the people.

Popular sovereignty

________: Many groups hold significant power, leading to gridlock and ineffectiveness.

Hyperpluralism

________ are written changes to the Constitution.

Formal amendments

The ________ is divided into three major parts: the Preamble, articles, and amendments.

Constitution

________ wrote about the need for branches of government.

Montesquieu

________: People give authority to the government and exercise power through elected representatives.

Republicanism

The First ________ was held in Philadelphia in 1774 and included delegates from 12 colonies.

Continental Congress

Enlightenment ________ like John Locke & Thomas Jefferson supported the concept of a social contract.

Era philosophers

________ adopted Locke's ideas in the Declaration of Independence.

Jefferson

Before ________, Britain provided defense and manufactured goods for the colonies, which in return provided raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.

1750

________ are created by men and require the consent of the ________.

Governments

The American government is based on ideas of limited government, ________, popular sovereignty, republicanism & social contract.

natural rights

Securing the blessings of liberty: promoting ________.

individual freedoms

________ (1803) is a landmark case in United States history that established the principle of judicial review.

Marbury v Madison

Establishing ________: reasonable, fair, and impartial law.

justice

________ was one of the appointees who did not receive his commission as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia under Jefferson's administration.

William Marbury

The Convention was held in ________ in May 1787 with the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.

Philadelphia

Written by ________, it attempts to convince people not to ratify the Constitution.

Anti Federalist Robert Yates of New York

The ________ established a permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

early British colonial empire

________ believes that any damage caused by factions could be controlled by the government under the new Constitution.

Madison

________- citizens choose officials to make policy decisions (most "democratic "nations)

Representative Democracy

The ________ is the process in which the U.S. Constitution can be changed without actually changing its written wording.

Informal Amendment Process

The ________ would have representation in the lower house based on the population of the state and equal representation of the states in the upper house.

bicameral legislature

The ________ and balances prevents any branch of the federal government from becoming more powerful than the other two.

constitutional system of checks

________ actions: The manner in which presidents use their powers can create informal amendments and expand presidential authority.

Executive

________: A small group of powerful elites form a ruling upper class and make decisions in their self- interest.

Elite Theory

________: Bureaucrats hold real power over public policy due to their role in the day- to- day workings of government.

Bureaucratic Theory

________- Inherited power, formal restrictions limit power, usually ceremonial status for monarch.

Constitutional Monarchy

creation of a strong union of the states while maintaining state sovereignty

Forming a more perfect union

preservation of public order

Insuring domestic tranquility

protection and maintenance of national defense

Providing for the common defense

Lack of Government

Anarchy

Rule by One

Autocracy

Inherited power, no restrictions on ruler's power

- Absolute Monarchy

Inherited power, formal restrictions limit power, usually ceremonial status for monarch

Constitutional Monarchy

Seized power, maintained by force, opposition restricted

Dictatorship

Rule by a few

Oligarchy

Rule by the elite, determined by social status/wealth

- Aristocracy

Rule by the People

Democracy

Citizens make policy decisions

Direct Democracy

citizens choose officials to make policy decisions (most "democratic" nations)

Representative Democracy

Governance relies on the consent of the governed, either directly or through representatives

Participatory Democratic Theory

Interest groups compete to promote their preferred policies, leading to bargaining and compromise

Pluralist Theory

Bureaucrats hold real power over public policy due to their role in the day-to-day workings of government

Bureaucratic Theory

basic rights guaranteed to all people and cannot be denied by any government/individual

Natural rights

People are the source of all governmental power, with ultimate power and authority resting with "we the people"

Popular sovereignty

People give authority to the government and exercise power through elected representatives

Republicanism

Voluntary agreement between members of society and government, defining and limiting rights and duties

Social contract

executive, legislative, and judicial

The delegates agreed on a republic form of government with a federal system and three branches

the belief that government has only the powers given to it and is not all-powerful

Limited government

the people are the source of government's authority

Popular sovereignty

power is separated among three branches of government, each with its own powers and duties, and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Separation of powers

each branch is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Checks and balances

the Preamble, articles, and amendments

The Constitution is divided into three major parts

Legislative Branch

Article I

Executive Branch

Article II

Congress has passed various acts that have altered or made clear the meaning of the Constitution, such as creating lower courts under Article III through the Judiciary Act of 1789

Legislative actions

The manner in which presidents use their powers can create informal amendments and expand presidential authority

Executive actions