photosynthesis in higher plants

photosynthesis is a _____ process by which use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compound

physico-chemical

chemical which can absorb CO₂

KOH

which scientist proved that air plays an essential role in photosynthesis

Joseph Priestley

which scientist hypothesized as: plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals and burning candles remove

Joseph Priestley

which scientist proved that showed sunlight is essential to the plant process that somehow purifies the air fouled by burning candles or breathing animals

Jan Ingenhousz

scientist who experimented with aquatic plants that shows bubbles in bright sunlight while dark parts don’t

Jan Ingenhousz

scientist which proved that only the green part of the plant could release oxygen

Jan Ingenhousz

which scientist provided evidence for production of glucose when plants grows

Julius von Sachs

scientist which shows that photosynthesis mainly occurs in the blue and red light because bacteria are accumulated mainly were in that region

T.W Engelmann

which green algae was used by TW Engelmann in his experiments

cladophora

which scientist based on his studies of purple and green bacteria that demonstrated photosynthesis as a light dependent process

Cornelius van Niel

chloroplast align themselves _____ the walls of the mesophyll cells such that they get the optimum quantity of the incident light

along

_____ is responsible for trapping the light energy and also for the synthesis of ATP and NADPH

membrane system

the leaf pigments of any green plants can be separated by

paper chromatography

bright or blue green colour in chromatogram

chl A

yellow and green colour in chromatogram

chl B

yellow colour in chromatogram

xanthophyll

yellow or yellow orange in chromatogram

carotenoid

wavelength at which maximum absorption by chl A

blue and red

accessory pigments present in plants

chl B, xanthophyll, carotenoids

the accessory pigment helps in

absorb light and transfer of energy to chl A

accessory pigments also protect the chl A from

photo-oxidation

the pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes within the

PS I and PS II

the LHC are made up of hundreds of pigments molecules bound to _____

protein

the antenna is formed by which pigment

chl A

the single ____ molecule forms the reaction centre

chl A

reaction centre of PS I has a peak absorption of

700nm

reaction centre of PS II has a peak absorption of

680nm

chl a absorbs 680 nm wavelength of ____ light

red

the electron transport chain consists of

cytochromes

the scheme of transfer of electrons starting from PS II to PS I excitation of electron, transfer to another acceptor and finally reducing NADP⁺ to NADPH+ H⁺ is called

Z scheme

the characteristic Z shape is produced when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a

redox potential scale

which complex is known as the water splitting complex

PS II

PS II complex is located

on the inner side of thylakoid membrane

the process thru which ATP is synthesised by cells is called

phosphorylation

when two photosystem works in series, then this process is called

non cyclic phosphorylation

______ and ______ are produced by the Z scheme flow of electron

ATP and NADPH

which photosystem is termed as functional photosystem

PS I

possible location of cyclic flow of electron

stroma lamella

ATP synthesis is linked to the development of ______ across a membrane

proton gradient

during ATP synthesis in mitochondria proton gradient is formed in

intermembrane space

during ATP synthesis in chloroplast, proton gradient is formed in

lumen

the primary electron acceptor transfer its electron to a

H carrier

the NADP reductase enzyme is located on

stroma side of membrane

the proton required to reduce NADP to NADPH are removed from

stroma

breakdown of proton gradient leads to the synthesis of

ATP

which part of the ATP synthase enzyme is embedded in thylakoid membrane and forms transmembrane channel

CF₀

which part of the ATP synthase enzyme is protrudes on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane on the side of stroma

CF₁

which process requires a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient and ATP synthase

chemiosmosis

the dark phase aka

Biosynthetic phase

the scientist who discovered the working of biosynthetic phase using C¹⁴ isotope

Melvin calvin

1st stable product of C₃ cycle is

3-phosphoglceric acid

1st stable product of C₄ cycle

oxaloacetic acid

the 1st acceptor of CO₂ in C₃ cycle

RuBP

RuBP has how many Carbons

5

RuBP is a ___ type of sugar

ketose

RuBP

ribulose bisphosphate

which cycle is operated in all types of plants

C₃ cycle

most crucial step of calvin cycle

carboxylation

the enzyme used to catalyse the process of carboxylation

RuBisCO

process during which carbohydrate is formed at the expense of photochemically made ATP and NADPH

reduction

the process of reduction requires ___ moles of ATP per CO₂ molecule

2

the process of reduction requires ___ moles of NADPH per CO₂ molecule

2

fixation of 6 molecules of CO₂ requires how many turns of C₃ cycle

6

crucial step of C₃ cycle in order to have continuous cycle

regeneration of RuBP

regeneration of RuBP in C₃ cycle requires ___ ATP molecules

1

total no of ATP molecules required for 1 C₃ cycle

3

total no of NADPH molecules required for 1 C₃ cycle

2

total no of ATP molecules required for 1 glucose formation using C₃ cycle

18

total no of NADPH molecules required for 1 glucose formation using C₃ cycle

12

what is the product obtained on reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate

triose phosphate

triose phosphate is the precursor to

glucose

in chemiosmosis 2 molecules of H₂O gives ___ molecules of ATP

3

in chemiosmosis 2 molecules of H₂O gives ___ molecules of NADPH

2

the particularly large cells around the vascular bundle in C₄ cycle of plants are called

bundle sheath cell

large number of chloroplast, thick walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no intercellular space is the characteristic of

bundle sheath cell

example of C₄ plants

maize and sorghum

C₄ cycle aka

hatch and slack pathway

primary CO₂ acceptor in C₄ cycle

phosphoenol pyruvate

PEP is present in

mesophyll cell

the enzyme responsible for the fixation of PEP

PEP carboxylase

in C₄ cycle the mesophyll cells lack

RuBisCO

1st stable compound of C₄ cycle

oxaloacetic acid

before transporting OAA from mesophyll to bundle sheath cell it is converted into

maleic acid or aspartic acid

C₄ acids are broken down to 3-carbon molecule to release CO₂ , this takes place in which cell

bundle sheath cell

the CO₂ released in the _____ enters the C₃ cycle

bundle sheath cell

PEP is regenerated in which cell

mesophyll cell

RuBisCO in C₄ plant is present in

bundle sheath cell

the basic pathway that results in the formation of sugar

C₃ cycle

RuBisCO has greater affinity for ___ when CO₂ and O₂ are in equal amount

CO₂

product obtained when 1 molecule of RuBP binds with O₂

phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate

the process in which no sugar is formed but ATP is used and CO₂ is formed

photorespiration

photorespiration occurs in which type of plants

C₃ plants

law of limiting factor was given by

Blackman

relationship between incident light and CO₂ fixation at low light intensity

linear

at higher intensity rate___

shows no increase

light saturation occurs at ___ of the full sunlight

10%

incident light beyond a certain point causes

breakdown of chlorophyll

increase in CO₂ concentration upto___ increases CO₂ fixation rate

0.05%

saturation point of C₄ plant is about

360μlL^-1