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Structuralism
Utilized introspection to uncover the underlying structures of the mind
Functionalism
Focuses on analyzing the purpose of behavior
Evolutionary
Emphasizes the role of genes in behavior and mental processes
Humanistic
Centers on concepts like free will, choice, and self-actualization
Biological
Involves the study of the brain and neurotransmitters
Cognitive
Examines perceptions and thoughts
Behavioral
Concerned with learned behaviors and reinforcement
Psychoanalytic/dynamic
Explores the impact of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences
Sociocultural
Considers the influence of society on behavior and mental processes
Biopsychosocial
Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors
Experiment
Research method allowing control over variables to establish cause and effect
Independent Variable
Manipulated by the researcher
Experimental Group
Receives the treatment being studied
Control Group
Serves as a comparison group, often receiving a placebo or baseline treatment
Placebo Effect
Occurs when behaviors are influenced by receiving a placebo
Double-Blind
Experiment where neither participants nor experimenters know the conditions
Dependent Variable
Measured outcome dependent on the independent variable
Operational Definition
Clear, quantifiable definition of variables for replication
Confound
Error or flaw in a study
Random Assignment
Assigns participants randomly to groups to minimize bias
Random Sample
Method for selecting participants to reduce bias
Reliability
Consistency in results over repeated trials
Naturalistic Observation
Observing individuals in their natural environment
Correlation
Identifies relationships between variables without establishing causation
Inferential Statistics
Determines the significance of research findings
Ethical Guidelines (APA)
Include confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, and warranted deception
