World Summer

abdicate

abdicate

To renounce or relinquish a position of power or authority, often a throne.

Agrarian

Relating to farming and agricultural activities.

Animism

The belief that natural objects and phenomena possess spirits or consciousness.

Antiquity

ancient past or period characterized by historical significance.

Appeasement

Policy of making concessions to satisfy potential aggressors in order to avoid conflict.

Aristocracy

A social class or group characterized by hereditary nobility and privileged status.

Asceticism

Severe self-discipline and abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for spiritual reasons.

Assimilate

To absorb and integrate individuals or groups into a larger culture or society.

Authoritarian

Characterized by strict obedience to authority and limited individual freedoms.

autocracy

system of government where a single individual holds unlimited political power

Bourgeois

The middle class, often associated with materialistic values and capitalist pursuits.

Bureaucracy

complex administrative structure that manages and implements government policies.

civic

Relating to citizenship and the affairs of a city or community.

centralized government

governing system where power and decision-making are concentrated at a central authority.

coerced labor

Forced work or service, often performed under duress or threat.

colony

territory controlled and governed by a foreign power.

commerce

activity of buying, selling, and trading goods and services

communal

Shared or belonging to a community or group.

Concubine

woman in a non-marital, subservient relationship with a man.

conscription

Compulsory enlistment of individuals into military or public service.

cosmopolitan

Embracing diverse cultures and ideas, often associated with urban settings.

coup

Sudden and usually illegal seizure of government power.

decentralized government

governing system where power and decision-making are distributed among various entities.

demographic

Pertaining to characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity.

despot

ruler with absolute power, often exercising it oppressively.

diaspora

dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland.

dissent

Expression of disagreement or opposition to prevailing ideas or authorities.

domestic

Relating to the home or one's own country.

dynasty

a succession of rulers from the same family

edict

official order or proclamation issued by an authority

Egalitarian

Advocating equality and fairness among all individuals.

emigrate

To leave one's country to settle in another.

gentry

upper class of society, often land-owning and privileged.

hierarchy

system of ranking individuals or groups based on status or authority

homogeneous

Uniform or consisting of similar elements or characteristics.

imperialism

policy of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization or diplomacy

indigenous

Native to a particular region or habitat.

infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems essential for a society's functioning.

lineage

Ancestral descent or a sequence of related families.

linguistic

Related to language or the study of languages.

maritime

Pertaining to the sea activities.

matrilineal

Tracing descent through the mother's lineage.

mercenary

soldier hired to fight for a foreign country or group without regard to political interests or issues

monarchy

system of government with a monarch as the head of state.

monopoly

Exclusive control over the supply or trade of a particular good or service.

Monotheism

Belief in a single deity

Nationalism

Strong devotion and loyalty to one's nation or country.

Nomadic

Characterized by a lifestyle of moving from place to place in search of resources

oligarchy

small group holds power in a government or organization

papacy

office or authority of the Pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church

parliament

legislative body that makes and passes laws

pastoral

Relating to rural life, often involving agriculture or shepherding

Patriarchy

social system where men hold primary authority and dominance

Patronage

Support, often financial, given to individuals or organizations by a patron

Peasant

rural agricultural laborer or farmer of low social status

Piety

Polygamy Devotion and reverence, often toward religious beliefs or practices

Polygamy

practice of having multiple spouses simultaneously

Polytheism

Belief in or worship of multiple deities

Proletariat

working class, typically associated with manual labor

Region

distinct area or part of a larger territory

Republic

form of government where power is held by elected representatives

Secular

Pertaining to worldly matters rather than religious or spiritual concerns

Sedentary

Characterized by a settled and inactive lifestyle

Stratification

Hierarchical arrangement of social classes or layers

Succession

process of one individual or group following another in a specific order

Suffrage

right to vote in political elections

Syncretism

Blending or merging of different cultural or religious beliefs and practices

Theocracy

government where religious leaders hold political power

Theology

study of religious beliefs and principles

Totalitarian

system of government with centralized control and limited individual freedoms

Tributary State

region or state that pays tribute to a more powerful nation

Tyranny

Cruel and oppressive rule by an absolute ruler.

Urbanization

process of population moving from rural to urban areas.

Usurp

To seize or take over power or authority by force or unlawfully

Vernacular

native language or dialect spoken by a particular community or region