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abdicate
To renounce or relinquish a position of power or authority, often a throne.
Agrarian
Relating to farming and agricultural activities.
Animism
The belief that natural objects and phenomena possess spirits or consciousness.
Antiquity
ancient past or period characterized by historical significance.
Appeasement
Policy of making concessions to satisfy potential aggressors in order to avoid conflict.
Aristocracy
A social class or group characterized by hereditary nobility and privileged status.
Asceticism
Severe self-discipline and abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for spiritual reasons.
Assimilate
To absorb and integrate individuals or groups into a larger culture or society.
Authoritarian
Characterized by strict obedience to authority and limited individual freedoms.
autocracy
system of government where a single individual holds unlimited political power
Bourgeois
The middle class, often associated with materialistic values and capitalist pursuits.
Bureaucracy
complex administrative structure that manages and implements government policies.
civic
Relating to citizenship and the affairs of a city or community.
centralized government
governing system where power and decision-making are concentrated at a central authority.
coerced labor
Forced work or service, often performed under duress or threat.
colony
territory controlled and governed by a foreign power.
commerce
activity of buying, selling, and trading goods and services
communal
Shared or belonging to a community or group.
Concubine
woman in a non-marital, subservient relationship with a man.
conscription
Compulsory enlistment of individuals into military or public service.
cosmopolitan
Embracing diverse cultures and ideas, often associated with urban settings.
coup
Sudden and usually illegal seizure of government power.
decentralized government
governing system where power and decision-making are distributed among various entities.
demographic
Pertaining to characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity.
despot
ruler with absolute power, often exercising it oppressively.
diaspora
dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland.
dissent
Expression of disagreement or opposition to prevailing ideas or authorities.
domestic
Relating to the home or one's own country.
dynasty
a succession of rulers from the same family
edict
official order or proclamation issued by an authority
Egalitarian
Advocating equality and fairness among all individuals.
emigrate
To leave one's country to settle in another.
gentry
upper class of society, often land-owning and privileged.
hierarchy
system of ranking individuals or groups based on status or authority
homogeneous
Uniform or consisting of similar elements or characteristics.
imperialism
policy of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization or diplomacy
indigenous
Native to a particular region or habitat.
infrastructure
Fundamental facilities and systems essential for a society's functioning.
lineage
Ancestral descent or a sequence of related families.
linguistic
Related to language or the study of languages.
maritime
Pertaining to the sea activities.
matrilineal
Tracing descent through the mother's lineage.
mercenary
soldier hired to fight for a foreign country or group without regard to political interests or issues
monarchy
system of government with a monarch as the head of state.
monopoly
Exclusive control over the supply or trade of a particular good or service.
Monotheism
Belief in a single deity
Nationalism
Strong devotion and loyalty to one's nation or country.
Nomadic
Characterized by a lifestyle of moving from place to place in search of resources
oligarchy
small group holds power in a government or organization
papacy
office or authority of the Pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church
parliament
legislative body that makes and passes laws
pastoral
Relating to rural life, often involving agriculture or shepherding
Patriarchy
social system where men hold primary authority and dominance
Patronage
Support, often financial, given to individuals or organizations by a patron
Peasant
rural agricultural laborer or farmer of low social status
Piety
Polygamy Devotion and reverence, often toward religious beliefs or practices
Polygamy
practice of having multiple spouses simultaneously
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of multiple deities
Proletariat
working class, typically associated with manual labor
Region
distinct area or part of a larger territory
Republic
form of government where power is held by elected representatives
Secular
Pertaining to worldly matters rather than religious or spiritual concerns
Sedentary
Characterized by a settled and inactive lifestyle
Stratification
Hierarchical arrangement of social classes or layers
Succession
process of one individual or group following another in a specific order
Suffrage
right to vote in political elections
Syncretism
Blending or merging of different cultural or religious beliefs and practices
Theocracy
government where religious leaders hold political power
Theology
study of religious beliefs and principles
Totalitarian
system of government with centralized control and limited individual freedoms
Tributary State
region or state that pays tribute to a more powerful nation
Tyranny
Cruel and oppressive rule by an absolute ruler.
Urbanization
process of population moving from rural to urban areas.
Usurp
To seize or take over power or authority by force or unlawfully
Vernacular
native language or dialect spoken by a particular community or region